美国国情咨文的隐喻架构研究A Study of Constructing Metaphorical Framing model of the State of the Union Address文献综述

 2021-10-22 21:43:51

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1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写2000字左右的文献综述：Political discourse is a tool of political communication. The speech of the head of state represents the views of the government. Therefore, political discourse is served as a window for the public to understand the general policies of the country. The state of the union address is one of the ways of communication between the President and the congress. It mainly elaborates situations at home and aboard each year and the policy proposals for the next legislative session. With the advent of radio, television, and the Internet, the state of the union address has increasingly become an important means of President to play a leading role. An analysis of the state of the union address can help people better understand American political culture. When it comes to political discourse, cognitive linguists study conceptual metaphors in it. While they tend to focus on the language level, less on analysis of thinking and exploration of audience feeling. Therefore, within the framework of second-generation cognitive science, this paper focuses on the frames and metaphors behind the expressions of facts rather than facts themselves. Specifically, this thesis takes the state of the union address of the United States from 2001 to 2016 on health insurance as the research corpus, applying the frame theory and conceptual metaphor theory to make a comparative analysis of frames and metaphors they used. 1. Literature review1.1 Definitions of metaphor and frame Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, which is closey related to the law of development of human language, but also a cognitive phenomenon that is associated with a mans way of thinking. Metaphor becomes a matter of central concern not only in every language, but, first of all, in our conceptual system, in the very structure of our thought. As Lakoff and Johnson pointed in Metaphors We Live By, the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much of a matter of metaphor. The locus of metaphor is not in languae at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. The general theory of metaphor is given by characterizing such cross-domain mappings (Lakoff 1993). Metaphor is not only an important way of thinking, but also plays an important role in sense-making and coherence in language. The coherence is implicit in the discourse which is connected by the relevance of the elements of metaphorical mechanism. As a result, researches on metaphor need to be conducted at lexical and syntactic level even at discourse level.Frame is a deeply ingrained cognitive structure about how the world works (Lakoff, 2004,2008). Frame is usually represented through the main tools of our mental activities, such as metaphor, imagery, cultural stories and their neural connections to the emotional centers ofbrain. The literal meaning of words is just part of the frame semantics. Frame has features that conventional metaphors don't. Frame, startingwith narrative, provides logic for our thinking and reasoning. It is more dynamic, appealing, and acceptable, and can be used to see clearly deep social ethical values (Wang Shaohua, 2011). A word may activate one or more frame and frame. Frame is closely associated with metaphor. If there is a mapping between two frames, it is a metaphor.1.2 Theoretical frameworks1.2.1 Conceptual Mataphor Theory One of the major findings of cognitive and brain science is that we employ conceptual metaphors and frames to think consciously or unconsciously. Conceptual metaphor is a neural connection builded through coactivation, mapping from a familiar and comprehensible source domain frame to a less familiar target domain frame which is hard to understand. Take UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING as example. Understanding refers to an abstract process of thinking, while seeing represents a specific sensory faculty. Metaphor not only highlights one aspect of reality, but also hides other aspects, thus exerting a persuasiveness on the audience（Lakoff uprising means that some people live under an unfair rule or they believe the rule is unjust. In the sense, they will try to rid of the ruler and see the escape as a good thing. Given the disparity between experience, the frame in each brain is different and the frame evoked by metaphor is hard to change. Metaphorical thinking can be accepted only when it is consistent with the frame in brains, not vice versa.1.3 Overview of previous studiesResearch on the metaphorical framing is an important topic in critical discourse analysis. Some scholars abroad analyzed the political speeches of the two parties in the United States based on frame theory (Deason Moses Gonzales, 2014). Lakoff (1996) illustrated that the two parties in the United States held different values and adopted different national policies based on two family metaphors. From perspective of analogical reasoning, Musolff (2004) studied conceptual metaphor and ideology in European political discourse in analysis of corpus. Charteris-black (2006) explored the role of metaphor in the right-wing political communication on the issue of legalization of immigration policy in the 2005 general election in Britain. Applying Lakoff's American two-party moral models, Moses Gonzales (2015) examined the moral language in the American president'sTV speeches from 1980 to 2012 and found that the biggest difference between the two parties lies in "The Nurturant Parent Model". At home, most political discourse studies focused on the structure, function and relationship between discourse and society (Xin Bin, 2008; Wen Xu, 2014). Adopting frame theory, Wang Shaohua (2017) compared and analyzed the different metaphorical framing models in the Bushs and Obamas speeches on environmental protection. Taking the scripts of the U.S. presidential first debate in 2012 on economy as its data, Wang Shaohua and Yuan Hongmei (2016) made a contrastive study of metaphorical framing within the framework of Framing Theory, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and analyzed the political game strategies of Obama and Romney and concluded the main frames and reframing they used from the public perspective.1.4 Research GapAlthough previous researches have made great progress in metaphorical framing model, thereisstill plenty ofroomleftforfurtherexploration.In terms of research theory, most previous researches on metaphorical framing model are based on sociology and from the perpective of cognition and phycology. Most of them began with the concept. Although such studies have advanced our understanding, they have not adequately explored the reasons behind frames and metaphors and their acceptability by the public. In terms of research discourse genre, threre are few existing studies on metaphorical framing model on political discourse, especially on the state of the union address. The present study bridges the gap above and throws new light on study of metaphorical framing model.ReferencesBoyd, Michael S. (2013). Reframing the American DreamConceptual Metaphor and Personal Pronouns in the 2008 US Presidential Debates. In Piotr Cap, Urszula Okulska (eds.) Analyzing Genres in Political CommunicationDiscourse Approaches to Politics, Soceity and Culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, (50), 297-320.Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Charteris-Black, J. (2006). Britain as a container: immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign. Discourse society 17(5), 563-581.Cienki, A. (2004). Bushs and Gores language and gestures in the 2000 US presidential debates：A test case for two models of metaphors. 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