毕业论文课题相关文献综述
Literature review1 Introduction1.1 Over ViewOffice buildings in particular are type refer to variety including: meeting spaces integrated into the office environment, reception, office support spaces such as workrooms, storage rooms, and telephone and communications equipment rooms (Edited by the Editorial Committee of Building Structures. , 2009). The office space type is typically a flexible environment that integrates technology, comfort and safety, and energy efficiency to provide a productive, cost effective, and aesthetically pleasing working environment. Every part of building is subjected to the effects of outside forces, gravity, wind, earthquakes, and temperature changes, all of these forces epically wind load because we have tower building must be taken into consideration. An office building must be able to accommodate the specific spaces and equipment needs of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior finishes and art installations, particularly in enter spaces, conference rooms and other areas with public access.1.1 Main contribution The main purpose of this project on how to design an office building in Nanjing. The research project contributes to understand the office building that every time designed in a good way in China, thus we are trying to learn more as much as possible. We search in literature review for a standard Office Building design for Architectural, Structural and Mechanical.2 Architectural Issues2.1 FunctionalityIn office building functionality have to be a very important issue, since it provides a comfortable range for employees, visitors and managers. By easy to use for communication skills. The color of floor and the material which will be used, imparts a kind of psychological comfort.Brilliant colors, innovative designs and surfaces in combination with the functionality of the familiar Nora rubber floor coverings. These were the reasons to use Nora again in our new own office rooms Office 2015. (Jones and David 1998)2.2 SpacesThe office unit must have an enough space for its use, and depend on the furniture and equipment contain. Thus, the furniture, equipment, movement areas, and the people, will control the space areas. Also, we must take into consideration the flexibility of the spaces this principle fewer barriers to change, less distribution when change does occur, and lower costs in money and time can be accomplished by using open spaces and use flexible materials for construct portions. The spaces should be allocated according to functional requirements, so that the location depend on the people position in the company. Departments should be empowered to plan their office space, this principle recognizes that, if office space is treated as an administrative resource and managers are given the opportunity to plan office space using simplified. We must know that the office buildings also contain meeting rooms and conference rooms, W.Cs units, corridors, entrance, parkings, cafeteria, stare case, and special spaces for equipment which will take a special spaces that need a quiet and more comfortable resources from the hand of environmental point view this spaces also controlled by the equipment, furniture, people and movement areas. (Board, 1996)2.3 Stairs The stairs are another solution which supports vertical movement within the office building, stairs have a special use when the electricity cut off, in this case the mechanical equipment such as elevators and escalators cannot work, and thus the stairs are the unique solution. For the emergency cases (fires and earthquakes), the stairs should be exterior to avoid a lot of injured. Stairs are the primary means of vertical travel during fire emergencies and are generally effective and reliable.3. Structural IssuesFirst step for design we have to select the material, second is to select structural system, third is to compute loads such as dead load, live load, wind load, etc., fourth modeling and analysis, means how to convert the structural type to modelFinally, design, in this step we calculate internal forces to get dimensions. Design code must be taken into consideration. 3.1 FoundationFoundation is the sub structural system that carry the building, it constructed under surface of the ground, also it main function to redistribute and transfer loads to the ground. (Liang Xingwen, 2005) Choosing a foundation system depends on several factors: 1. Number of loads of the building 2. Type of structure (bearing walls, columns) 3. Type of loads (Static, dynamic, vibrating) 4. Location of the building (for example near cliff) 5. Bearing capacity of the soil (according to soil test) 6. Type and components of soil (for example water, salt) 7. Adjacent structures (type and location) 8. Infra structures (such as pipe lines, cables) 9. Available materials and technology 10. Cost.Types of foundation systems: Combined Footing, Isolated Footing, Continuous Footing, Raft Foundation, Pile Foundation. (B. S. Smith)3. 2 Structure type Structure is basically defined as a device for channeling loads that result from the use or presence of the building in relation to the ground. Many different structural systems are used in architecture, the type them used depends on some factors such as the height of the building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the building materials. (Yu Jing, 2015) There are basically two kinds of structural systems: a. The masonry systems in which the walls are carrying the loads, andb. The frame systems in which the building has a structural system (built out of reinforced concrete or steel) that carries all the weight. Reinforced concrete frame: Concrete is a mixture of a certain components; cement, water, sand and or aggregate. The quality of concrete is determined by the percentage of these components. In order to make concrete more strength and durable, it is combined with steel reinforcement and then it is called reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete frame can span large distances. Thus, it could be used in engineering works such as bridges or highways, alongside buildings. In this system, the reinforced concrete frame carries the floor and roof slabs. Since the inner and outer walls dont carry any load, they could be placed freely as the architect desires. (Arthur H. Nilson, 2003)3.3 Walls Walls are defined as the boundaries on the outside and the inside of the building. Load bearing walls in the masonry systems carry the buildings structure, floors and the roof like shear walls, while non-load bearing walls are used for separating spaces. Exterior walls can be built with various materials, such as concrete, brick, stone etc. There are also steel and glass curtain walls. Exterior walls should be built with care since they are very important to protect the building from external factors such as the weather and wind and the difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the building. (Guoxing., 2004)3.4 Roofs Roof is the last layer that covers the building. The function of the building and the climatic conditions decisively effect on the shape of the roof. If the nature of the climate has heavy rains and snow, the roofs tend to have steep angles, or if the climate is sunny and has less rain and snow the roof might be flat. Roofs can be carried by timber frames or steel frames or load bearing walls, etc. and they can be covered with various materials such as copper, ceramic tiles, aluminum sheeting, laminated glass and precast concrete. (] R. Park, 1975)4. Computer Modeling design analysis4.1 Reasonable selection of several important parameters in PKPM structure calculation In SATWE the modal combination several seismic forces, the structure of the cycle reduction factor is reasonable selection Example: (1) Number of mode combinations of seismic forceThe "Earthquake Resistance Specification" pointed out that the appropriate number of mode shapes can generally take the number of mode shapes required to reach 90% of the total mass. Computer programs such as SATWE already have this function, which can easily output this ratio of participation quality. However, it is still necessary to pay attention to the application of the manual of the computer program, and it is not free to choose the number of modes. Seismic shear forces calculated by coupling are usually smaller than uncoupled calculations. Coupling calculations are used only when there is a clear indication of torsion in the structure, but uncoupled calculations should be supplemented if necessary. (Wang Xiaohong, 2005) (2) Structural cycle reduction factorFrame structure and frame - seismic wall and other structures, due to the existence of infill walls, make the structure's actual stiffness greater than the calculated stiffness, and the calculation period is greater than the actual period. Therefore, the calculated seismic shear force is too small, which makes the structure unsafe. It is necessary to reduce the calculation period of the structure, but it is not appropriate to not reduce the calculation period of the frame structure or obtain too large a reduction factor. For frame structures, the period reduction factor can be 0.6 to 0.7 when masonry-filled walls are used; 0.7 to 0.8 when masonry-filled walls are used less or light-weight blocks are used; 0.9 can be taken when light-weight wall boards are completely used. Only with a pure frame without walls, the calculation cycle cannot be reduced.4.2 Basic for Judging the Correctness of PKPM computing The approximate judgment of the calculation results can be made according to the following eight items: natural vibration period, mode curve, seismic force, horizontal displacement index, internal and external force balance, symmetry, gradualness, and rationality. Take the natural vibration period and mode curve as examples: (1) Natural vibration period For normal engineering design, the calculated natural vibration period without considering the reduction is probably in the following range: Frame structure: T1 = (0.12～0.15) n Frame-shear wall and frame-cylinder structure: T1 = (0.06～0.12)n Shear wall structure and tube structure: T1 = (0.04～0.06) n (where n is the number of building layers) The second and third periods are approximately: T2 = (1/3～1/5)T1,T3 = (1/5～1/7)T1 If the calculation results deviate too far from the above values, consideration should be given to whether the cross-sections in the project are too large or too small, and whether the number of shear walls is reasonable and should be adjusted appropriately. Conversely, if the cross-section size and structural arrangement are correct, and there is no deviation from too far, there should be no errors in the input data. (2) Mode shape curve Under normal calculations, for a more uniform structure, the mode curve should be a relatively continuous and smooth curve, and there should be no large in and large out, large convexo-concave twists and turns. The first mode no zero; in a second mode shape (0.7～0.8) H; third modes, respectively (0.4-0.5) and (0.8-0.9) H. (Wang Xiaohong, 2005)Literature review1 Introduction1.1 Over ViewOffice buildings in particular are type refer to variety including: meeting spaces integrated into the office environment, reception, office support spaces such as workrooms, storage rooms, and telephone and communications equipment rooms (Edited by the Editorial Committee of Building Structures. , 2009). The office space type is typically a flexible environment that integrates technology, comfort and safety, and energy efficiency to provide a productive, cost effective, and aesthetically pleasing working environment. Every part of building is subjected to the effects of outside forces, gravity, wind, earthquakes, and temperature changes, all of these forces epically wind load because we have tower building must be taken into consideration. An office building must be able to accommodate the specific spaces and equipment needs of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior finishes and art installations, particularly in enter spaces, conference rooms and other areas with public access.1.1 Main contribution The main purpose of this project on how to design an office building in Nanjing. The research project contributes to understand the office building that every time designed in a good way in China, thus we are trying to learn more as much as possible. We search in literature review for a standard Office Building design for Architectural, Structural and Mechanical.2 Architectural Issues2.1 FunctionalityIn office building functionality have to be a very important issue, since it provides a comfortable range for employees, visitors and managers. By easy to use for communication skills. The color of floor and the material which will be used, imparts a kind of psychological comfort.Brilliant colors, innovative designs and surfaces in combination with the functionality of the familiar Nora rubber floor coverings. These were the reasons to use Nora again in our new own office rooms Office 2015. (Jones and David 1998)2.2 SpacesThe office unit must have an enough space for its use, and depend on the furniture and equipment contain. Thus, the furniture, equipment, movement areas, and the people, will control the space areas. Also, we must take into consideration the flexibility of the spaces this principle fewer barriers to change, less distribution when change does occur, and lower costs in money and time can be accomplished by using open spaces and use flexible materials for construct portions. The spaces should be allocated according to functional requirements, so that the location depend on the people position in the company. Departments should be empowered to plan their office space, this principle recognizes that, if office space is treated as an administrative resource and managers are given the opportunity to plan office space using simplified. We must know that the office buildings also contain meeting rooms and conference rooms, W.Cs units, corridors, entrance, parkings, cafeteria, stare case, and special spaces for equipment which will take a special spaces that need a quiet and more comfortable resources from the hand of environmental point view this spaces also controlled by the equipment, furniture, people and movement areas. (Board, 1996)2.3 Stairs The stairs are another solution which supports vertical movement within the office building, stairs have a special use when the electricity cut off, in this case the mechanical equipment such as elevators and escalators cannot work, and thus the stairs are the unique solution. For the emergency cases (fires and earthquakes), the stairs should be exterior to avoid a lot of injured. Stairs are the primary means of vertical travel during fire emergencies and are generally effective and reliable.3. Structural IssuesFirst step for design we have to select the material, second is to select structural system, third is to compute loads such as dead load, live load, wind load, etc., fourth modeling and analysis, means how to convert the structural type to modelFinally, design, in this step we calculate internal forces to get dimensions. Design code must be taken into consideration. 3.1 FoundationFoundation is the sub structural system that carry the building, it constructed under surface of the ground, also it main function to redistribute and transfer loads to the ground. (Liang Xingwen, 2005) Choosing a foundation system depends on several factors: 1. Number of loads of the building 2. Type of structure (bearing walls, columns) 3. Type of loads (Static, dynamic, vibrating) 4. Location of the building (for example near cliff) 5. Bearing capacity of the soil (according to soil test) 6. Type and components of soil (for example water, salt) 7. Adjacent structures (type and location) 8. Infra structures (such as pipe lines, cables) 9. Available materials and technology 10. Cost.Types of foundation systems: Combined Footing, Isolated Footing, Continuous Footing, Raft Foundation, Pile Foundation. (B. S. Smith)3. 2 Structure type Structure is basically defined as a device for channeling loads that result from the use or presence of the building in relation to the ground. Many different structural systems are used in architecture, the type them used depends on some factors such as the height of the building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the building materials. (Yu Jing, 2015) There are basically two kinds of structural systems: a. The masonry systems in which the walls are carrying the loads, andb. The frame systems in which the building has a structural system (built out of reinforced concrete or steel) that carries all the weight. Reinforced concrete frame: Concrete is a mixture of a certain components; cement, water, sand and or aggregate. The quality of concrete is determined by the percentage of these components. In order to make concrete more strength and durable, it is combined with steel reinforcement and then it is called reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete frame can span large distances. Thus, it could be used in engineering works such as bridges or highways, alongside buildings. In this system, the reinforced concrete frame carries the floor and roof slabs. Since the inner and outer walls dont carry any load, they could be placed freely as the architect desires. (Arthur H. Nilson, 2003)3.3 Walls Walls are defined as the boundaries on the outside and the inside of the building. Load bearing walls in the masonry systems carry the buildings structure, floors and the roof like shear walls, while non-load bearing walls are used for separating spaces. Exterior walls can be built with various materials, such as concrete, brick, stone etc. There are also steel and glass curtain walls. Exterior walls should be built with care since they are very important to protect the building from external factors such as the weather and wind and the difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the building. (Guoxing., 2004)3.4 Roofs Roof is the last layer that covers the building. The function of the building and the climatic conditions decisively effect on the shape of the roof. If the nature of the climate has heavy rains and snow, the roofs tend to have steep angles, or if the climate is sunny and has less rain and snow the roof might be flat. Roofs can be carried by timber frames or steel frames or load bearing walls, etc. and they can be covered with various materials such as copper, ceramic tiles, aluminum sheeting, laminated glass and precast concrete. (] R. Park, 1975)4. Computer Modeling design analysis4.1 Reasonable selection of several important parameters in PKPM structure calculation In SATWE the modal combination several seismic forces, the structure of the cycle reduction factor is reasonable selection Example: (1) Number of mode combinations of seismic forceThe "Earthquake Resistance Specification" pointed out that the appropriate number of mode shapes can generally take the number of mode shapes required to reach 90% of the total mass. Computer programs such as SATWE already have this function, which can easily output this ratio of participation quality. However, it is still necessary to pay attention to the application of the manual of the computer program, and it is not free to choose the number of modes. Seismic shear forces calculated by coupling are usually smaller than uncoupled calculations. Coupling calculations are used only when there is a clear indication of torsion in the structure, but uncoupled calculations should be supplemented if necessary. (Wang Xiaohong, 2005) (2) Structural cycle reduction factorFrame structure and frame - seismic wall and other structures, due to the existence of infill walls, make the structure's actual stiffness greater than the calculated stiffness, and the calculation period is greater than the actual period. Therefore, the calculated seismic shear force is too small, which makes the structure unsafe. It is necessary to reduce the calculation period of the structure, but it is not appropriate to not reduce the calculation period of the frame structure or obtain too large a reduction factor. For frame structures, the period reduction factor can be 0.6 to 0.7 when masonry-filled walls are used; 0.7 to 0.8 when masonry-filled walls are used less or light-weight blocks are used; 0.9 can be taken when light-weight wall boards are completely used. Only with a pure frame without walls, the calculation cycle cannot be reduced.4.2 Basic for Judging the Correctness of PKPM computing The approximate judgment of the calculation results can be made according to the following eight items: natural vibration period, mode curve, seismic force, horizontal displacement index, internal and external force balance, symmetry, gradualness, and rationality. Take the natural vibration period and mode curve as examples: (1) Natural vibration period For normal engineering design, the calculated natural vibration period without considering the reduction is probably in the following range: Frame structure: T1 = (0.12～0.15) n Frame-shear wall and frame-cylinder structure: T1 = (0.06～0.12)n Shear wall structure and tube structure: T1 = (0.04～0.06) n (where n is the number of building layers) The second and third periods are approximately: T2 = (1/3～1/5)T1,T3 = (1/5～1/7)T1 If the calculation results deviate too far from the above values, consideration should be given to whether the cross-sections in the project are too large or too small, and whether the number of shear walls is reasonable and should be adjusted appropriately. Conversely, if the cross-section size and structural arrangement are correct, and there is no deviation from too far, there should be no errors in the input data. (2) Mode shape curve Under normal calculations, for a more uniform structure, the mode curve should be a relatively continuous and smooth curve, and there should be no large in and large out, large convexo-concave twists and turns. The first mode no zero; in a second mode shape (0.7～0.8) H; third modes, respectively (0.4-0.5) and (0.8-0.9) H. (Wang Xiaohong, 2005) 4 References[1] R. ParkPauley.T. (1975). Reinforced Concrete Structures [M]. . New York: John Wiley Son.[2] 03J603-2. Atlas of aluminum alloy energy-saving doors and windows [S]. [3] 11G329-1. Detailed seismic design of buildings (multi-storey and high-rise reinforced concrete houses) [S]. (无日期).[4] 16G101-1. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method Drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete frame, shear wall, beam, slab) [S]. (无日期).[5] 16G101-2. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete slab stairs) [S]. (无日期).[6] 16G101-2. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete slab stairs) [S]. (无日期).[7] Arthur H. NilsonDarwin, Charles W. Dolan.David. ( 2003). DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES [M]. . McGraw: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.[8] B. S. SmithCoullA. (无日期). Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design [M]. 1991.[9] Boardby Architectural Design Data Collection EditorialEdited. (1996). Architectural design data collection (8) [M]. second edition. . Beijing: China Construction Industry Press,.[10] Chen BaoshengEditor Chen Zhonghua.Chief. (1995). China Construction Industry Press: Architectural decoration data set (upper, lower) [M].[11] Compilation group of "Manual on Static Calculation of Building Structures". . (1998). Manual for Static Calculation of Building Structures [M]. second edition. . Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, .[12] Edited by Dong JunWeiyu, Gu Jianping.Zhang. (2002). Civil Engineering Major Graduation Design Guide-Building Construction Volume [M]. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Pres.[13] Edited by the Editorial Committee of Building Structures. . (2009). Architectural data set (upper and lower) [M]. second edition. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.[14] Faneng.Dai. (2018). Analysis of PKPM Frame Structure Design. Building Materials and Decoration, 107-108.[15] GB / T 50001-2010. Unified standard for building drawing [S]. [16] GB / T 50104-2010. Architectural drawing standards [S]. [17] GB / T 50105-2010. Building structure drafting standards [S]. [18] GB 50003-2011. Code for design of masonry structures [S]. [19] GB 50007-2011. Code for design of building foundation [S]. [20] GB 50009-2012. Building Structure Load Specification [S]. [21] GB 50010-2010. Code for design of concrete structures [S]. [22] GB 50011-2010. Code for seismic design of buildings [S]. [23] GB 50016-2014. Code for fire protection of building design [S]. [24] GB50099-2011. Design specifications for primary and secondary schools [S]. [25] GB50352-2005. Civil building design general principles [S]. [26] GriderRamirez, J.A. and Yun, Y.M.A.,. (1999). Structural Concrete Design [M]. . Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC.[27] Guoxing.Яhou. (2004). Guide to graduation design of housing structure [M]. . Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.[28] James K. WightG. MacGregor.James. (2008). Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. 5th Edition. Prentice Hall.[29] JGJ 36-2016. Design code for dormitory building [S]. (无日期).[30] JGJ 67-2006. Office building design code [S]. (无日期).[31] Li YiXiaowei.Liu. (2010). A comparison of the internal force between manual calculation and PKPM and the correctness of computer calculation [EB / OL]. . Beijing: China Science and Technology Papers Online , 982.[32] Liang Xingwenof Shi Qingxuan.editor. (2005). Guidance for graduation design of civil engineering specialty [M]. . Beijing: Science Press.[33] Long Yuqiuof Bao Shihua.editor. (2003). Structural mechanics course [M]. . Beijing: Higher Education Press,.[34] Richard LiewBalendra, T. and Chen, W.F..J.Y.,. (Boca Raton). Multistory Frame Structures [M]. 1999: CRC Press LLC.[35] Shen Pushengin chief.editor. (2005). Examples of structural design for high-rise buildings [M]. . Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.[36] Wang Xiaohongin chief of Luo Jianyang.editor. ( 2005). CAD-PKPM software application of building structure [M]. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press,.[37] Wang ZhenboChao, Xie Zilin.Gu. (2016). Experimental study on the influence of construction joints on the seismic performance of RC frame structures. Science Technology and Engineering, 256-259.[38] XiuliXu. (2016). Design of concrete frame structure [M]. second edition. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.[39] Yu JingXiaojun, Zhao YuhuiLiu. (2015). Ыeismic performance analysis and design suggestions of RC frame structure with construction joints. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 364-370.[40] Yuan DaxinZhenYu. (2016). PKPM 's parameter treatment of frame house structure design. Architectural Design Management, 25-33.
以上是毕业论文文献综述，课题毕业论文、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。
