Analysis on international trade in technologies between China and Kazakhstan文献综述

 2021-11-05 19:33:27

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During the last several years, Kazakhstan has become one of the biggest Chinaspartner right after Russia in the post Soviet Union space. In the first place, geopolitical status of Kazakhstan is considerably important to its partners in China. Two countries share a very long border of 1530 kilometers, besides Kazakhstan is single country in Central Asia to establish an alliance with China, which considered comparatively strong in the economical world. Financial relations between Astana and Beijing are portrayed by a huge change of intensity that is of worry in some political and master hovers in Kazakhstan, while the gigantic open door for advancement offered by China's nearness brings trust that the nation may be removed from the emergency that followed the disintegration of the Soviet Union. China has brought Kazakhstan new innovations and current monetary and banking structures that are fit for giving a system for the nation's improvement and its entrance on the world stage. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Informational Technologies, innovations and advanced technologies on GDP growth in Kazakhstan with particular emphasis on percentage (%) of technologies import under the Kazakhstan China trade agreement strategy. Economic impact analysis (EIA), Cost-Benefit analysis and comparative-advantage analysiswill be used for the annually time period of (2000-2018). Results will show are there any long-run co integration exists between economic growth and technologies import and innovations adaptation. Additionally, the investigation will build up the significance of the facilitated commerce zone, in other words, free trade zone organization between two nations. These experimental bits of knowledge are specific enthusiasm to policymakers as they help to construct sound financial arrangements to remain the economic development.It has been discovered that Kazakhstan is rich for natural resources. However, in the era of digital and technological progress it is strongly important for country to remain innovative. It is more effective for Kazakhstans economy to process such tremendous amounts of natural resources and raw materials in order to add value. But due to the shortage of technological potential, the country was only able to focus on exporting raw materials. Thus, Kazakhstan demonstrates great interest in sharing experience in technological progress with China. In his article China Highlights innovation momentum,Gu Yuekai (2019) mentions:Today, China has become an influential global player in technological innovation. It is working towards the goal of becoming a science and technology giant [人民网,September 23, 2019] [34]. Back in 1988, the paramount leader of the Peoples Republic of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1992, Deng Xiaoping mentioned that science, innovations and technologies establish an essential beneficial power. In our generation, China has made a particular emphasis that the strategy of innovation-driven development should be fully implemented and that innovation has become the ultimate moving force of development. Kazakhstans biggest strategic ally has been continuously reforming its scientific and technological system, innovational potential has continued to increase, and eventually brought China powerful support and guidance to economic development. According to the macroeconomic statistics of The Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国财政部; pinyin: Zhōnghu Rnmn Gnghgu Cizhngb), in 2017, the high-tech sector's prime operating revenue above the designated size came in at 15.9 trillion Yuan. High-tech manufacturing serves as the driving force in industrial transformation. China has gained noteworthy ground in building an innovative nation. The idea of advancement is further ingrained in individuals hearts and innovation-driven progress is ready to accelerate. The country has held on to innovation to promote a high-quality economic development. It has improved the level of technology supplies to sustain the construction of a modern economic system. By the end of 2018, the number of market players in China had reached 110 million. [Article published by Peoples Daily, by Gu Yekai, September 23, 2019] [34]Chinas achievements in the sector of Informational technologies, innovations, and advanced technologies are encouraging for the whole globe, they play momentous and resilient part in economic development. Kazakhstan intends to adopt Chinese experience in technological progressin order to shift its economy from natural-resource-based to technology-based economic development. Because competing in a global economy requires an economic base formulated of firms that innovate and maximize the use of technology in the workplace without intermission. The first big step towards such strategy in Kazakhstan was made in 2010, when The Council on Technology Policy was established. It works within the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development. The Council takes responsibility in formulating and implementing the state policies on industrial innovation. Right after that, in 2011, The National Agency for Technological development was established for co-ordinate technology programmes and government support. It conducts foresight exercises and planning, regulates programmes, maintains a database on innovation projects and their commercialization, it also in charge of taking responsibility in managing relevant infrastructure and co-operate with international organizations to obtain information.In the first three years of activity (2011-2013) Innovation policy was paying particular attention to enterprises achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense through technology transfer, technological modernization, the development of business discernment and the introduction of significant advancements. Kazakhstan is moving in the direction of developing new competitive products and processes for manufacture. The key area of focus is developing project finance including via joint ventures with China.Nevertheless, the traditional energy sector, mining, and raw material manufacturing cant be left aside, and also to be developed. Existing thermal power stations, must be switched to energy-saving and equipped with clean, eco-friendly technologies. The main targets also include environmentally friendly fuel and electric automobiles and public transport, on the examples of cars and buses filling the streets of Chinese metropolises. According to the Chinese scholars, Zhang Weihong, Wu Qiannan and Shi Huibin (2015) School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xian, [31]their investment overview indicates that in 2013, the stock of Chinas FDI in Kazakhstan was equivalent US $ 6.957 billion Yuan, this is a significant increase comparing to the year 2002, if being exact, is 106.53% in percentage ratio. At that period of time, China was coming 4th by scale of investment, right after the Netherlands, the United States and France. Currently, the Peoples Republic of China has enrolled 2800 Chinese-subsidized enterprises in Kazakhstan, positioning third in Kazakhstans all out number of outside financed enterprises. Major part of Chinas direct investment, 63.7%,in Kazakhstan is moved in the mining industry and also in such industries as electrical energy, telecommunications, insurance, science and technology, nevertheless the share of investments are relatively small. Kazakhstan imports from China was US$5.38 Billion during 2018, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade.(2020, TradingEconomics.com) [33].The main imports of Kazakhstan in High-technology are products with high R also electrical, electronic equipment, transmission apparatus for radiotelephony, cordless telephones etc. with the full value $1.18B in the same year of 2018, they create major part of Kazakhstan imports form China, with total share of 26%.In 2014, in the inter-industry trade between China and Kazakhstan, the two sides have their own advantages. The competitive products of China accounted for 52.88% of the total Sino-Kazakhstan trade, while Kazakhstan's highly competitive products accounted for 42.32%. 99.75% of China's competitive products are industrial products, of which 68.17% are labor-intensive products and 31.58% are capital and technology-intensive products, indicating that China's exports to Kazakhstan are concentrated in industrial products lacking in Kazakhstan. 65.47% of the competitive products in Kazakhstan are resource-intensive products, 16.64 % are labor-intensive products and 7.57 % are capital and technology-intensive products, demonstrating that Kazakhstan's exports to China are mainly energy and metal minerals lacking in China. [31] At present, Kazakhstan has established 10 special economic zones with different leading industries in accordance with three development directions of industrial production type, service type and technology application type. There are seven industrial production special economic zones: the purpose of Astana Special Economic Zone is to accelerate the construction of infrastructure with advanced construction technology. The purpose of Aktau Special Economic Zone is to achieve the promotion of regional development through high-efficiency production, new product development and the use of modern management techniques, and then to lead the country into the world economic system; the main purpose of Pavlodar Special Economic Zone is to develop the metallurgical and metal processing industry; the Special Economic Zone of National Industrial Petrochemical Technology Park focuses on innovative petrochemical production and crude oil deep-processing. The purpose of Orntussteg Special Economic Zone is to establish a cotton textile base; Taraz Chemical Park focuses on the development of production of chemical high-tech products. There are two special economic zones in service type: the Brabi Special Economic Zone focuses on the construction of tourism infrastructure to promote the development of tourism. The purpose of Horgos-Dongdaemun Special Economic Zone is to establish an efficient industrial center and logistics center. There is a technology-based special economic zone: the Special Economic Zone of Innovation Park mainly develops the information technology industry.As it said in Sbastien Peyrouses, Chinese Economic Presence in Kazakhstan , China Perspectives, 2008/3 | 2008,34-49, [20]Moreover, entire young generation of Kazakh entrepreneurs has grasped the fact that their home countrys future lies in its role as a transit point for Chinese goods to Russia and Europe, offering future generations a broad spectrum of jobs in the services sector. This strategic position could help maintain the countrys dynamism in the event of a drop in the world price for hydrocarbons, on which Kazakhstan, like Russia, has too heavily based its economic development.It is appropriate to say that modern time is the time to give priority to other industries, right now is the best time to invest in informational technologies, innovations and advanced technologies in order to diversify its operating areas. Less than a decade later, Kazakhstan has participated in Innovative Biotechnologies Programme during the years 2011-2015, the program involved several countries including Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Russian Federation. Right after that, the second project of the Eurasian Economic Community was established Centre for Innovative Technologies, on 4 April 2013.Along with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation. Each of the selected projects is entitled to funding of US$390 million and is implemented within a publicprivate partnership. The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers, space technologies, medicine, petroleum recycling, nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources. Once these initial projects have spawned viable commercial products, the venture company plans to reinvest the profits in new projects. This venture company is not a purely economic structure; it has also been designed to promote a common economic space among the three participating countries. [33]It naturally indicates that Kazakhstan is showing intense and eager interest in shown segment of the economy.Presently, Chinese scholars have done big masses of research on Chinas foreign trade relations. From the prominent point of view, Sino-Kazakhstan trade, Zhang Henglong and Zhou Yuancheng (2015) analyzed the Sino-Kazakh trade liberalization in the context of One Belt, One Road [1] Qin Fangming and Sun Qinggang (2014) analyzed the economic and trade dependence between Kazakhstan and China [2]. Bi Yanru and Shi Bo (2010) measured the trade potential between China and several members of Central Asian region before 2006. Keywords:Advanced Technologies, Informational Technologies, innovations, Export Import, Kazakhstan-China, trade.

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