英语中汉语借词的研究文献综述

 2021-12-28 20:41:35

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文献综述

1. Introduction1.1Research backgroundNowadays, English has become one of the most widely used social languages in the world and Chinese loan words in English has been a special linguistic phenomenon.The number of people who speak or use English as a second language, to some extent, is distributed in some corners of the world and among some ethnic groups. Old English forms the core of the English vocabulary, and these words are still used today. The incorporation of foreign words in English has enriched the vocabulary and meaning of English and promoted the development of English. The extensive use of foreign words makes people realize the important value of foreign cultural factors in the use of English. At the same time, with the rapid development of China, there has been a growing need for countries around the world to learn Chinese, understand China and enhance communication with China.1.2Need of ResearchWith the increasing opportunities for communication between China and the west, English has become one of the most used sociable in the communication. Therefore, there can be more and more Chinese loan words in English. On the whole, Chinese words are the main ones borrowed from English. And the study of Chinese loanwords in English is of great enlightenment to English vocabulary teaching. The use of English is becoming more and more widespread in the world, and English is no longer the language of native speakers. Variants of English have been formed all over the world, and some of the outer languages have had an important influence on English. In the context of the English language of the world, it is appropriate to have a broad understanding of the concept of borrowing words. It also demonstrates the global, open and flexible nature of the English language. 1.3 Purposes of the StudyThe purpose of the study hopes to find more about the formation of Chinese loan words in English. The research also hopes to provide a reasonable reference for English users and English teachers to improve their knowledge of China English lexis. The research aims to explain the Chinese loanwords in detail and find out some common rules behind the loanwords, which is helpful for the students to improve the level of cognition of China loanwords and the skills of expressing, and useful for the teachers and researchers to train others to acquire the capacity to use and express a second language properly.2. Literature ReviewThis chapter explains the Chinese loanwords in English in detail, which encompasses the definition of Chinese loanwords, the development of Chinese loanwords and the classification of Chinese loanwords.2.1 Definition of LoanwordLooking up in the Oxford English Dictionary (1971), loanword is explained as a word from another language used in its original form, which means a word borrowed from another language; e.g. latte is a loanword from Italian. Therefore, we can deduce that Chinese loanwords in English refers to the words borrowed from Chinese and then used in English without changing in forms. There are two different views on the definition of loanwords in academic circles, namely, the narrow sense and the broad sense. The former strictly limits the definition of loanwords to transliteration, that is, the borrowing of the so-called sound and meaning. The latter view holds that loanwords do not only include Transliteration also includes free translation and form translation, which they regard as free translation (Zhou, 2017). 2.2 Development of Chinese LoanwordsIn the history of historical and cultural exchanges between China and the West, there have been two translation peaks (SuYang, 2010). The scientific and technological translation in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties by Chinese scholars and the translation of Chinese classics by missionaries, to some extent, gave rise to the first peak, which also led to the popularity of Chinese traditional culture in European countries(HungPollard, 2004). Translation of Western works and Chinese classics from the Opium War to the May fourth Movement led to the second peak. In these cultural exchanges and translation activities, Chinese culture has been promoted and developed, which has a great influence on the Western world, especially the western language and culture. Many Chinese cultural words were translated into English at that time. The commercial trade between China and the west also contributed to the Chinese loanwords in English. Pidgin English was a hybrid language used by Chinese and foreign traders in the 17th and 19th centuries. Historically, the language evolved from English used in transactions between Qing dynasty and British merchants in the 17th century. Many expressions of Pidgin English have become part of standard English. The most common example is the phrase long time, no see, which shares the same form with the Chinese greeting hao jiu bu jian. This sentence was once regarded as non-standard English. But now long time, no see has become part of the English language and is widely used in English-speaking countries.With the development of global economy, the economic globalization makes the economic and cultural exchanges between countries expand day by day. As an international language, English has also become a major tool for China to communicate with other countries. While China USES English for cultural exchanges with other countries, a large number of distinctive words and expressions that express China's economic and cultural life have entered the English language.2.3 Classification of Chinese loanwordsThe Chinese loanwords can be classified as the following three types in the perspective of linguistics.(1)Transliteration borrowing words (Chen, 2016). This kind of words are loan words with sound and meaning. Chinese transliterated loanwords in English are generally included in English dictionaries and English academic works. Such as peony, yulan and so on are all transliteration borrowing words.(2) Mixed borrowings. In English, mixed loanwords are used when borrowing morphemes from foreign languages. Native morphemes partially replace borrowed morphemes. Mixed borrowings can be divided again into derived hybrid and compound hybrid borrowings. Derived hybrid borrowings refer to the use of Chinese words English. Take the word Confucianism as an example. The word is an English word consisting of the roots of Chinese words Confucius English suffixes--ism. Compound hybrid loanwords can not only be composed of "Chinese vocabulary English vocabulary", but also of "English vocabulary Chinese vocabulary". Compound mixed loanwords also have transliteration annotation words and description words. The so-called transliterated annotated words are composed of Chinese transliterated words English ideographic words. In the early days when Chinese transliterated vocabulary was introduced into English, people were relatively unfamiliar with it. Therefore, a semantic annotation is usually added at the end of the vocabulary to explain its semantic category. Such as red-cooking (braised pork in brown sauce), hoisin sauce, etc. However, descriptive words can be found in both English and Chinese. When confronted with new things, it is often difficult to call them or familiar things cannot be expressed in a foreign language, so descriptive words are adopted to outline them, such as China Rose, Chinatown, etc.(3) Semantic borrowings. Semantic loanwords mainly inlude semantic extension words or semantic borrowing words, and translation loanwords or imitative translation words. Extended words, For example, lung in English is very similar in shape and sound to long in Chinese. When English and Chinese contact each other, the original meaning will be extended and the meaning of "dragon" will be added on the basis of the meaning of "lung". Sometimes semantics are extended because some of the semantics are similar, for example, the word princeling in English means "prince" and can be extended to "prince" when English and Chinese come into contact with each other. Another way to completely replace Chinese morphemes with English morphemes is through transliteration, also known as imitative translation, which is literally literal translation. What is different from the extended words is that the loanwords are isomorphic to the original words in terms of lexical structure, meaning and form, just like goldfish, brainwashing and so on.The Chinese loanwords can also be classified in the perspective of culture (Su Yang, 2010). The loanwords express the material culture and spiritual culture of China. For example, some borrowings from the food, including wonton, hot pot and so on. 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