政治话语的趋近化分析——以特朗普总统2020年玫瑰园演讲为例文献综述

 2021-12-28 20:41:40

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文献综述

1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundDiscourse is one of the indispensable media to send information in daily life. Functional Sentence Perspective of the Prague School also shows that a sentence in a discourse contains both new information and given information (Mathesius, 1939). In research, it not only refers to the use of language, but also is regarded as a form of social practice (Fairclough, 1989). Nowadays, new media constantly permeate people's lives and interweave with the power to control the content and way of communication, which makes discourses important role in the construction of society. Therefore, discourse is an important study topic in the field of social science and cognitive linguistics. The study of critical cognitive linguistics, originated from the critical study of metaphor, is the most productive and pervasive research of political discourse. Many scholars have been committed to Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA) since the 1970s-1980s when it was first formed in the UK. The representatives, such as Van Dijk and Wodak , also have a significant effect on many Chinese scholars in linguistics because of the introduction to China in the mid-1990s. In political or public discourse, Proximization Theory, a method based on lexical and grammar to explore the process through which the listener perceives the threat of entities outside the deictic center (ODC) to entities inside the deictic center (IDC)(Cap, 2008), is a new achievement for combining CDA with cognitive linguistics and providing a new perspective and paradigm for discourse analysis. Inspired by Langackers (2002) Current Discourse Space, Chilton (2004) combined the deixis of pragmatics to pave the way for Cap to propose Proximization Theory and analyze political speeches by President Bush on before and after the invasion of Iraq. Specifically, Proximization Theory can be divided into three aspects: spatial approach, temporal approach and axiological approach. These three aspects of convergence form the "spatial-temporal-axiological analysis model" (STA).As it is known to all, the United States is the superpower on the planet. Its political decisions and viewpoints on international affairs can exert significant impact on the world. On May 29, 2020, in Rose Garden, United States President Donald Trump made his remarks on their relationship with China with several new measures to protect American security and prosperity, resulting in a heated discussion among the public. Based on Proximization Theory by Cap (2003, 2006, 2008, 2013), this research constructs a proximization model for Trumps Remarks. By applying this model, the thesis mainly analyzes Trumps speech from two perspectives: inside deictic centers (IDCs) and outside deictic centers (ODCs). Both of them can be applied to explain the reasons underlying Mr. Trumps classification of its hostile and allied countries, and the language features he used to describe the threats from hostile countries.1.2 Need of the studyThe thesis has both theoretical and practical meanings. On one hand, the study provides the possibility for text analysis from a new perspective. Based on the proximization theory, a political discourse can be interpreted from three aspects: space, time and value. (Chilton, 2004) In this way, the proximization theory can be spread and therefore, the awareness and vigilance of discourse consumers can be expected to improved. On the other hand, By analyzing the speech delivered by U.S. President trump in Rose Garden on May 29, 2020 through this theory, the speech audience can be guided to find the hidden attitude and position through the surface vocabulary intuitively and objectively, which is conducive to the cultivation of critical thinking of the audience and the capability to recognize the role of language strategies in different situations.1.3 Research purposesThe thesis is aimed at achieving the following three purposes: In the first place, the present study intends to explore the textual features of Trumps discourse so as to give readers a clear image about it. Secondly, it aims to carry out a thorough analysis of how Trump exploits political strategies in his speech. To achieve this aim, this part further describes his speech from three aspects, namely, space, time and axiology. Last but not least, the thesis makes an attempt to investigate the underlying reasons why the above three strategies can achieve pragmatic purposes. In the end, we can see obviously how Trumps political strategies can be successfully realized.In addition, this study is dedicated to reveal the ideology and power relations implied in language and explore the function of discourse analysis of social practice and various social problems. It will be expected to change some social problems or promote social development.1.4 Organization of the studyThis study consists of five chapters: chapter one is the introduction which involves research background, need of the study, research purpose and the structure of the thesis; in chapter two, the literature review looks back on previous critical discourse analysis and text analysis with Proximization Theory; the details of research methodology are showed in chapter three; chapter four presents the results of data analysis and specifically discusses how the speaker realizes the legitimization via spatial, temporaland axiologicalproximization; the last chapter is the conclusion of the study, and it also probes into the main findings and limitations of the study. 2.Literature reviewCritical Discourse Analysis and Proximization Theory are introduced in this chapter, and a detailed retrospect about previous analysis based on these theories are given.2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis and Proximization TheoryCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA), an interdisciplinary study of discourse analysis, mainly focuses on the social symbol function that text and discourse structure implemented (Zhang, 2019: 7). CDA belongs to critical cognitive linguistics. Combined CDA with cognitive linguistics, critical cognitive linguistics can make a thorough analysis of corpus because it pays attention to the social and cultural context in which discourse is used and the interaction between them. Fowler first proposed the concept of Critical Linguistics in Language and Control in 1979. Fairclough(1989) introduced a three-dimensional model and discourse practice methods in his work Language and Power, : "textual practice", "discourse practice" and "social practice, which are the three factors involved in discourse practice methods. In the mid-1990s, Krishnamurthy (1996), Stubbs (1996) and other scholars first tried to apply Corpus Linguistics (CL) to CDA to make up for the shortcomings of traditional CDA, such as single corpus and lack-objectivity. Discourse History Method (DHA), incorporating historical background when analyzing actual social issues, was provided for CDA by Wodak in 1997, though he still regarded the social practice as the main factor. To carry forward the interdisciplinary research method, van Dijk (2001) first put forward the social cognitive method. It marked the beginning of integration between cognitive elements and discourse analysis.Proximization Theory derives from the theory of discourse space. After the theory of mental space originated by Foucault (1985), Langacker (2002) put forward the concept of current discourse space, which defines the current discourse space as the mental space shared by both parties during communication. Chilton (2004) then further supplemented that discourse space is the mental space conceptually represented by a certain form of world we build in our thinking or the world described by discourse. In the studies on interview recordings of British parliamentarians and President Clinton's telephone speech, he proved the effectiveness and applicability of discourse space theory and used the term proximize multiple times. Changed from its verb form, Proximizaiton is the noun form created by Cap to support his Spatial-Temporal-Axiological model (STA model) in 2006. He used the STA model to study the US presidents speech on the war in Iraq, which still gives priority to space" and is supplemented by "time" and axiology. After numerous researches, Cap (2008) discovered that external entities (outside-the-deictic-center, ODC) can approach internal entities (inside-the-deictic-center, IDC) through discourse and generate threats. The evaluation of threats can be carried out on the three axes of space, time and value to constitute the dynamic STA model, which promotes the formation of Proximization Theory (Cap, 2013). 2.2 Previous analysis on CDA and Proximization TheoryIn critical cognitive linguistics, Critical Metaphor Analysis is the most successful one, which incorporates Conceptual Metaphor Theory and CDA (Zhang, 2019). The political discourse analysis this study belongs to is developed from the critical metaphor analysis. Lakoff first applied metaphorical cognitive science to American politics (2002), which combines cognitive linguistics with political discourse analysis. Inspired by Lakoff, Cienki made an empirical study on Bush and Gore's 2000 Presidential candidates debate in 2005. And then the metaphor scenario was used to study EU political discourse by Musolff (2016). From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, Wang(2017) discussed conceptual metaphors in four environmental speeches by Bush and Obama based on conceptual metaphor theory and structural theory. These studies provide a platform for critical cognitive linguistics to develop continually in political discourse. Besides analyzing political discourse from the perspective of metaphor, there are also studies on other aspects. Chilton discussed the political language change of the U.S. President for the increasing use of religious imagery after September 11 in Analyzing Political Discourse(2004). While Wieczorek explained the effect of linguistic indicators on expressing inclusionary and exclusionary in political discourse(2013). Zheng used the four-step analysis framework of the process approach as a theoretical framework to analyze Trump's speech on the US-Mexico border wall(2020). The multi-angle analysis of political discourse also provides a research foundation and development possibilities for theuse of Proximization Theory.Compared with discourse space theory, the advantage of Proximization Theory is not confined to solve the limitations of static discourse research, it also breaks through the barriers of qualitative analysis (Cap, 2017). In political discourse, Cap (2016) analyzed President Bushs political speech before and after the invasion of Iraq with the Proximization Theory. He pointed out that President Bush adopted three proximizations of time, space and value in his pre-invasion speech to legitimize the policy of military action. And axiology proximization was employed to maintain the legitimacy by emphasizing the differences in values and conflicts between the United States and the former Iraqi regime of its policies after invading. From 2006 to 2014, Cap's related literature was tracked and introduced by Wu et al. (2016), Proximization Theory are thus booming in China. Liu Xu（2018）analyzed the three National Security Strategy Reports issued during the three-term US presidential terms to discuss the significantly changed positioning of China. In particular, Trumps report in 2017 regarded China as an approaching threat and guided readers to construct a mental space for fear of external threats, thereby legitimizing the "America First" foreign policy. Furthermore, Zhang Yan (2018) compared discourses of the Sino-US trade war between China and America, critical analysis of their discourse strategies on the space, time and value axis was done. With diversified research methods, Proximization Theory is employed in the wide research scope. In addition to political discourse, it is popular in health discourse (Cap, 2014, 2016), network discourse (Huang Yang), environment discourse(Guo, 2020) and so on.2.3 Problems with the previous empirical studies From the perspective of text choosing and study objects, they are generally lacking diversity in content. The types of material used in previous discourse analysis based on the Proximization Theory are mainly political discourse, as well as environmental discourse, news media coverage, etc. Combined with the traditional topics, such as economy, war, environment and politics, discussed in related texts, the speakers intentions are further analyzed from their discourse strategies. However, to achieve textual diversity, the political speech selected in this study also views health emergency COVID-19 as an element to influence international relations. Therefore, the new perspective embodied in the original text provides the possibility of a more comprehensive analysis with the Proximization Theory.On the other hand, considering the theory used, the discourse analysis of political speech tends to choose conceptual metaphor theory, discourse space theory, and structural theory. These theories can interpret the existence and hint of threat in the discourse, but the process of threats approximation cannot be reflected. On the basis of the Proximization Theory, this study attempts to highlight the dynamic space in discourse from both perspectives of the speaker and discourse consumers, so as to achieve the effect of seeking new angles to interpret political discourse.ReferencesCap, P. (2006). Legitimizationin Political Discourse:ACross-disciplinaryPerspective ontheModernUSWarRhetoric.Newcastle:CambridgeScholarsPress.Cap, P. (2008). Towardstheproximizationmodeloftheanalysisoflegitimizationinpolitical discourse . JournalofPragmatics, 40, 17-41. Cap, P. (2013). Proximization: ThePragmatics ofSymbolicDistanceCrossing.Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins.Cap, P. (2014). Applying cognitive pragmatics to critical discourse studies:A proximization analysis of three public space discourses. Journal of Pragmatics 70, 16-30.Cap, P. (2016). The Language of Fear: Communicating Threat in Public Discourse. London:Palgrave Macmillan.Cap, P. (2017). Studying ideological worldviews in political discourse space: Critical-cognitive advances in the analysis of conflict and coercion. Journal of Pragmatics 108, 17-27.Chilton, P. (2004). Analyzing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.Cienki, A. (2005). Metaphor in theStrict FatherandNurturant Parentcognitive models: Theoretical issues raised in an empirical study. Cognitive Linguistics, 16, 279-312.Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.Fowler, R. B. et al.(1979). Language and Control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Krishnamurthy, R. (1996). Ethnic, racial and tribal: The language of racism. In C, Coulthard., M, Coulthard.(Eds.), Texts and Practices:Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis(pp.179-200). London: Routledge.Lakoff, G. (2002). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.Langacker, R. (2002). Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Musolff, A. (2016). Political Metaphor Analysis: Discourse and Scenarios. London: Bloomsbury.Stubbs, M. (1996).Text and Corpus Analysis: Computer-asisted Studies of Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwel.van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Multidisciplinary CDA: A plea for diversity. In R, Wodak M, Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis(pp.95-121). London:Sage Publications.Wieczorek, A. E. (2013). Clusivity: A New Approach to Association and Dissociation inPolitical Discourse. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.郭静怡（2020），环境话语的趋近化研究，《海外英语》，15：1-12。

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