A Study of Cultural Differences Between Chinese and American Citizens’ Home Isolation Attitudes During COVID-19 Pandemic从疫情期间中美民众居家隔离态度看文化差异文献综述

 2021-12-28 20:41:57

全文总字数：18023字

文献综述

1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundDuring the Spring Festival in 2020, an epidemic called novel corona-virus pneumonia broke out worldwide. This is the most serious globally public health emergency since the end of World War Two. The novel corona-virus pneumonia epidemic began in Wuhan, China. Facing the unprecedented novel corona-virus pneumonia, China took the lead in the war, and took responsibilities for people all over the world.The white paper (2020) titled Fighting COVID-19: China in Action pointed that the course of fighting against the epidemic situation in China can be divided into five stages. The first stage is China's rapid response to the outbreak. Since the discovery of unexplained pneumonia cases in Wuhan in December, China reported the epidemic for the first time, and quickly took action to carry out etiological and epidemiological investigations. The second step is to curb the spread of the epidemic. China has taken a key move to stop the spread of the virus, closing traffic roads. In the third stage, the number of new cases gradually decreased to single digits. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a major decision to coordinate the epidemic prevention and control, recover economic and social development, and orderly return to work. In the fourth stage, we have won the battle of defending Wuhan. The road control was lifted and Wuhan's patients were cleared. The last stage is the normalization of epidemic prevention and control . China has achieved great success in fighting the new epidemic. There are various factors contributing to success, such as the correct leadership of the government, the high degree of interpersonal cooperation, the selfless dedication of medical staff and so on. However, the western countries are still facing the great test of epidemic situation. In the United States, estimates of the number of deaths during the new corona-virus pandemic have been changing. The United States government misjudged the new corona-virus. Just in autumn, nearly 7 million people in the United States have been infected with the new crown, and more than 200000 people have died. This figure exceeds the death toll in all previous prediction models (NetEase News, 2020, The Second Wave of Global Epidemic).It is a question worth considering why the United States has come to this stage, as a leading country in the world in terms of medical conditions. Especially, China has set a good example for epidemic prevention and control, and other countries can control the epidemic by imitating. To understand the question, this thesis will mainly focus on the different performance of Chinese and American people to analyse culture differences. Cultural differences are the direct cause of many different practices, so it is extremely crucial to compare and figure out culture differences between China and America.1.2 Need of the studyThis thesis mainly focuses on the cultural difference reflected from the different attitude between Chinese and American people. It examines and identifies how and to what extent cultural differences affect attitude. Meanwhile, this thesis has both practical and academic meanings.Firstly, this study has its practical need. First of all, from the perspective of cultural differences, this thesis can help the Chinese and American people understand the confused question why they are so different in dealing with the same emergency. If they had imitated China's practice, the epidemic would have been under control. Besides, it is also helpful for the China and English learners to attain awareness of cultural difference which usually results in confrontations and conflicts in daily life.This study also has academic need. Since the outbreak of the disease occurred last year, there is not much research on it. Although there are some articles to analyze the differences between China and the West from the perspective of epidemic situation, this study is based on the attitude of the public. Therefore, this study can also provide a new perspective for the future research of this topic. A new case study can make a contribution to the study of cultural differences. 1.3 Research purposesThe purpose of this study is to explore the cultural factors that influence the different performances of Chinese and American people during the anti- epidemic period. Based on Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension theory, this paper will analyze different performances of Chinese and Americans during the epidemic and cultural differences behind these differences. Cultural differences are an important factor affecting cross-border people to communicate with each other. In other words, if people can comprehend cultural differences, they will understand the reasons why Americans are doing so.2.Literature reviewUp to now, the novel corona-virus pneumonia has lasted for a year, and many scholars have analyzed the epidemic situation from various levels. They not only stood on the shoulders of previous research, but also kept pace with the change of the pandemic. In this chapter, the author will focus on research related to the pandemic and cultural differences. In the pandemic part, the author will address the prediction; impact of the epidemic and the differences between China and foreign countries in coping with the epidemic. In cultural differences part, the forms; roots and influence of it will be explained. 2.1Studies on the pandemicAt the end of December 2019, a case of unexplained pneumonia was found in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Since then, an anti-epidemic war without gunpowder began. The outbreak of COVID-19 posed a great threat to the safety of people all over the world. It took several months for our country to win with the efforts of the government, medical staff and the people. Novel corona-virus pneumonia is still a threat to foreign countries, especially in the US. In other countries, the epidemic situation has not been well controlled. Many scholars have done their studies on the pandemic. By reviewing literature, the author found that their studies mainly focused on the prediction of the epidemic , the impact of the epidemic and the differences between China and foreign countries in coping with the epidemic. The total number of confirmed cases in the world is about 7 million (the total number of confirmed cases is 5.4 million); among them, the number of confirmed cases in the United States has reached 2.5 million (the total number of confirmed cases is 1.67 million) (Wei, Wang, Xu, Gao, Wang, 2020). In a 2020 study, Xie pointed that the epidemic situation is coming back this winter and will end in the summer of 2021. The world economy will go down in 2021 and pick up in 2022. Many scholars have done research on the impact of the epidemic, mainly divided into the impact on different industries. Sun (2021) regarded that affected by the novel corona-virus pneumonia, the demand for household electrical appliances is shrinking, the purchasing power of residents is decreasing, and the market competition of household appliances industry is increasing. In a 2021 article, Peng claims that the annual box office of the world's major film markets has experienced a serious decline, ranging from 45.6% to 82.6%. The global total box office will decline by about 70% in 2019. Different countries have different attitudes towards the epidemic, which leads to the current situation. Rui (2021) pointed that the COVID-19 leaded to economic downturn and more severe employment situation in colleges, such as the reduction of employment posts, the delay of graduation progress, the change of recruitment forms and the psychological anxiety of college students, lead to the huge employment pressure for college graduates. Different countries have different attitudes towards the epidemic, which leads to the current situation. China, Switzerland, as the representative of the national anti epidemic attitude is positive, prevention and control measures in place, the current epidemic situation is relatively stable. The United States is unique, the attitude and measures of anti epidemic are unreasonable, and the effect of epidemic prevention and control is poor. The national epidemic prevention measures represented by the Netherlands are better and the number of confirmed people is lower (Lin, Jin, Liu, Huang, Huang, 2020). October 31st, the number of new crown infections in the United States exceeded 9 million and the death toll exceeded 230,000, ranking first in the world. why the epidemic is so bad in the United States. Backward medical conditions? The United States has the worlds most advanced medical equipment and the most experienced doctors. Lagging news?. When the external reasons cannot be explained, the problem must come from oneself.(Wang, 2020).2.2Studies on cultural differences between China and AmericaIn fact, culture exists everywhere. Culture is a social phenomenon, a product created by people for a long time. At the same time, it is a historical phenomenon and the accumulation of social history. By combing the relevant literature, we can see that scholars have studied the forms, roots and influences of cultural differences. Understanding cultural differences can help us better understand each other, so as to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. China and the United States are two different countries, there are huge cultural differences. Therefore, in order to better explain the cultural differences between Chinese and American residents' different attitudes towards home isolation, it is necessary to sort out the research on cultural differences by domestic and foreign researchers. By combing the relevant literature, we can see that scholars have studied the forms, roots and influences of cultural differences.2.2.1 Studies on the forms of cultural differencesAs for the forms of cultural differences, scholars have studied them from micro and macro perspectives. From a macro perspective, some scholars summarize the differences between different cultures as ethnic differences, religious differences, ethnic differences and language differences. Some scholars focus on the cultural differences between China and the West, and think that the Chinese and Western civilizations have formed their own unique values, religious beliefs, traditional customs and learning methods in the development of thousands of years. Zhang (2004) pointed some specific performances of cultural difference between China and America. He insisted that, Chinese cognition was situation-centered, while Americans' were individual-centered; Chinese people used a passive way to perceive the world , while Americans took a positive way to conquer the world; Chinese people loved golden mean, while Americans emphasized exclusive neutral. He also explored the origins of cultural differences between China and America from six aspects--natural environment, labor mode, national history, traditional thoughts, social cognition and character structures. Ren (2010) pointed that Chinese culture valued community, while American culture valued individuals; Chinese culture valued comprehension, while American culture valued analysis. From micro perspective, Scholars analyze the differences between different cultures from small issues. Their research on the forms of cultural differences can be divided into five aspects: politics, economy, literature art and education. Wang (2006) pointed that the political manifestations of cultural differences include national identity, party culture, national consciousness and national policies. Chen (2018) regarded that the forms of cultural differences in economy include business negotiation, tertiary industry, corporate culture, national consumption and so on. In a 2004 study, Zhang pointed that the forms of cultural differences in literature and art include literature, music, dance, drama and so on. Yang (2012) pointed in her article that the manifestation of cultural differences in education includes teaching content, management and methods.2.2.2 Studies on the roots of cultural differencesMany scholars have studied the origin of cultural differences. Through reading the literature, it is found that the sources of cultural differences can be roughly divided into the following types. Different cultural basis directly determines the difference of personality and thinking between China and the West. Chinese culture has two foundations: Art and morality. From a macro point of view, the basic spirit of Chinese culture lies in morality and art, while the basic spirit of western culture lies in religion and science (Tang, 1943). Secondly, different social and economic forms lead to cultural differences between China and the West. Chinese culture was born in agricultural society, while western culture developed from commercial society. In a 2005 article, Liu pointed that what the west has established is a legal rational norm based on equality and independent personality, while what China has established is a patriarchal norm based on blood relationship and subordination. The last, the differences in the concept of human rights between Chinese and Western cultures determine the different views on rights and obligations in Chinese and foreign cultures. The modern concept of human rights originated in Britain in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the theory of gifted human rights prevailed in western countries. In fact, Westerners have a long understanding of power. Chinese moral tradition emphasizes the concept of obligation rather than right. Qu (2006) pointed that China's view of human rights advocates the standard of obligation, while the western view of human rights advocates the standard of right. Zhu (2010) pointed that the lofty, harmonious and perfect spirit of human rights in China can make up for the shortcomings of the western human rights. The practicality, individuality and pragmatism of the western human rights view can also make up for some deficiencies of the eastern human rights view.2.2.3 Studies on the influences of cultural differencesWith the strengthening of the interaction between different cultures, the role and influence of cultural differences are increasingly obvious. This has aroused great concern of scholars. As for the influence of cultural differences, scholars are divided into two groups. Some scholars hold a positive attitude and some hold a negative attitude. Some scholars believe that differences can create conditions for efficiency. Canadian scholar Adler put forward the concept of cultural synergy efficiency. Research (Harris Moran, 1996) reports that cultural differences can promote the common development and improvement of all participants in cross-cultural communication, and the contribution of such differences to cross-cultural communication is far greater than that of a single cultural group. Alexander (1993) regarded that the important elements of different cultures are combined in a certain way. The sum of these elements produces a valuable structure of high quality and the value of the sum is greater than the sum of the individual values of each element. Many scholars hold a negative attitude towards the influence of cultural differences, believing that cultural differences will cause many adverse effects. After reading the literature, scholars analyze the influence of cultural differences on different understandings, such as education, translation, business negotiation and so on. 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