The analysis of the future for electric vehicles’ market: problems and perspectives文献综述

 2021-12-28 21:37:35

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文献综述

Every time you stand at a traffic light or in a traffic jam, you think why I am not on an electric vehicle, because how much fuel is unfruitfully wasted, and when you drive an electric car and compare it with a gasoline car, you make the choice towards an electric car. Breathing clean air is much more pleasant than exhaust gases.Historically, the first cars, both with an internal combustion engine and electric traction, appeared at about the same time, but the main issue is that gasoline car with an internal combustion engine have become mass-produced. The main drawback of an electric car is the battery, which even in our time remains large, heavy and expensive while providing a relatively short trip distance on a single charge.Charge rates, depth of discharge swings, and temperature Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Literature Review make it difficult to determine how batteries will age (Lipman and Williams 2011) Internal combustion engines were more versatile, fuel could be taken in large quantities with you, it was cheap, at the beginning of the era of the automobile, oil was in abundance, and cars were very few, they did not causeconsiderable environmental problems. So why do electric vehicles become more and more popular nowadays and whats their future?1. Introduction:An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, EV is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Therefore, electrification has the potential to mitigate some of the negative consequences of oil dependency on the economy, national security, and the environment (MIT 2010) Though the concept of electric cars has existed around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade because of a rising carbon release and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.device. The principal challenge PEVs face to becoming competitive with conventional vehicles is the high initial cost of purchasing the vehicle, which is in large part due to the high cost of the battery system. The cost to auto manufacturers of current PEV lithium-ion batteries is around $600 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of total energy or nameplate capacity, while the cost of consumer home-use lithium-ion batteries has been reduced to $250 per kWh (Ener1 2010, BCG 2010). Since Tesla started to commercialize its first electric vehicle (EV) in the mid-2000s, companies such as BYD from China, Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, and BMW have developed and started to sell EVs. According to the latest global EV outlook(International Energy Agency 2020) a record number of 3.335.000 EVs were sold worldwide, almost 35% of them in China. In Europe almost 24.5% were put on the road in 2020. Globally, the sales of EVs are expected to keep rising in the years to come.After about a decade of slow progress, 2021 is the year EVs start to turn the page and enter the mainstream (ABI Research analysis 2021).It's a new year and predictions for the auto industry are different and not clear. At least one prominent research firm says this year will mark the end of the beginning for electric cars. ABI Research issued its 2021 Trend Report this past Wednesday and its conclusion is EVs will start trickling into the mainstream this year.Starting in 2021, ABI Research said EVs will start to gain traction in the market, largely driven by more affordable and cheap models scheduled to start rolling into dealerships throughout this year. They have already been released by Chinese producers like Li auto, XPeng, Nio and so on. By the end of this decade, EVs may make up a quarter of all new vehicles shipped. If all the predictions come true it will be a remarkable step for the EV industry. Consumer demand will ultimately make or break PEVs. While there is already some consumer demand, much of it is concentrated in markets with specific characteristics. This market of early adopters is generally characterized by an enthusiasm for new technology or concern for the environment that outweighs the risks of purchasing a vehicle powered by emerging technology (Indiana University 2011).This sector of economics is very useful, so I decided to highlight the main pros and cons of buying an electric car instead of gasoline vehicle.PROS:1 Eco-friendlyExhaust gases pollute the atmosphere, in addition, a "greenhouse effect" is formed on the Earth's surface because of gasoline and diesel engines. The use of electric vehicles does not imply any problems, which significantly affects the preservation of the environment. 2 Noor low taxes on electric cars andfree parking A lot of countries made it free to own an electric and parkings are cheap or free there. Cities can contribute with lower-cost incentives such as special parking access, reduced toll fees, reduced vehicle registration fees, and small-scale infrastructure funding (California PEV Collaborative, 2010).3 Effectiveness They are much more efficient than those that drive on gasoline. On average, an electric car converts about 60% of electrical energy into mechanical energy. At the same time, a car running on gasoline uses fuel with an efficiency of 17-20%.There are several barriers to the deployment and mass commercialization of PEVs, as well as their integration with the electrical grid. Without government support, the PEV industry could struggle to become competitive with conventional vehicles (Nick Nigro, 2011). The federal government is helping the PEV market with its own purchases. As the operator of the largest vehicle fleet in the United States, the General Services Administration launched pilot projects with over 100 PEVs in May of 2011 (GSA 2011)In the future, governments can incorporate PEVs into their vehicle fleets so government employees can experience what it is like to drive them. This type of lead by example approach would also make PEVs more visible to the public (California PEV Collaborative 2010).SummaryExperts expressed their opinion about the possibility of a ban on petrol and diesel cars in the following years. Here French and German experts are quite divided. While the majority of French experts think that diesel and petrol cars will be banned in some France, only few German experts believe a ban on the city level will be implemented in Germany. If at all, such a ban would be implemented at the national level instead. But those who are not sure about the tabooor suppose that the issue is still open, make up 60% of all surveyed.References: https://theconversation.com/the-future-of-electric-vehicles-according-to-experts-in-the-energy-sector-91943https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country#:~:text=Norway has the highest market,sales, 74.7% in 2020.https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/electric-cars-future-research-report/https://greenbelarus.info/articles/05-02-2015/elektromobili-plyusy-minusy-perspektivyhttps://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Электромобили_(мировой_рынок)#.D0.A0.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82_.D1.8D.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B0_.D1.8D.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B9_.D0.B4.D0.BE_.2425.2C7_.D0.BC.D0.BB.D1.80.D0.B4https://www.dw.com/ru/только-электромобили-к-2025-году-норвегия-все-ближе-к-воплощению-плана/a-47183852DOE. Department of Energy - Pillars - Transportation. 2011a. http://www.energy.gov/recovery/vehicles.htm (accessed May 4, 2011).BCG. Batteries for Electric Cars: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Outlook to 2020. Detroit, MI: Boston Consulting Group, 2010.General Electric. "Developing an EV Ecosystem Strategy." GE EV Experience Tour. Vienna, Virginia: General Electric, 2011.MIT. Electrification of the Transportation System. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2010SAE. SAE Charging Configurations and Ratings Terminology. 2011. http://www.sae.org/smartgrid/chargingspeeds.pdf (accessed May 26, 2011).

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