日产1t脱毒白果粉的工厂设计
摘要：银杏作为我国古老的树种之一，是一种多用途的经济树种，具有极高的利用价值。其果实白果由于营养丰富，作为食疗、滋补和保健食品已有1000多年的历史。现代研究表明白果含有多种活性成分，具有抗肿瘤、抗癌、抗氧化、抗衰老、降血脂、降血压、抑菌杀毒等多种功能。但是由于白果中含有毒性物质，一旦食用过多可致人中毒或死亡，这极大限制了白果的开发与利用，造成白果资源浪费。白果中主要致毒物质为4rsquo;-O-甲基吡哆醇(4rsquo;-O-methylpyridoxine，MPN)和它的糖苷衍生物4rsquo;-O-甲基吡哆醇-5rsquo;-葡萄糖苷(MPN-5rsquo;-glucoside，MPNG)，二者统称为银杏毒。本项目前期建立了膜分离脱除银杏毒的方法：确定银杏毒的最佳提取条件为提取溶剂为水、提取料液比为1/40 (g/mL)、提取温度为25℃、提取时间为20 min、提取次数为2次；将含有银杏毒的提取液进行膜分离操作，优化得到超滤膜的最佳操作条件为膜孔径10 KD、压力0.2~0.3 MPa、洗脱体积4.7 L，纳滤膜的最佳操作条件为膜孔径600 D、压力0.4~0.5 MPa、洗脱体积3.0 L。本毕业设计将基于实验室的研究成果，设计膜分离法日产1t脱毒白果粉的工厂，为该方法的早日工业化奠定基础。
关键词：白果，银杏毒，超滤，纳滤，脱毒
Factory design of producing 1 ton detoxified ginkgo powder per day
Abstract：As one of the ancient tree species in China, ginkgo is a multi-purpose economic tree species with high utilization value. Ginkgo seeds have been used as a therapeutic, nourishing, and healthful food for more than 1,000 years. Modern researches show that ginkgo seeds contain a variety of active ingredients and have many functions, such as anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, lowering blood fat, lowering blood pressure, anti-microbial and so on. However, because ginkgo seeds contain toxic substances, once it is consumed too much, it can cause human poisoning or death, which greatly limits the development and use of ginkgo seeds and causes waste of ginkgo resources. The main toxic substances in ginkgo seeds are 4rsquo;-O-methyl pyridoxine(MPN) and its glycoside derivative 4rsquo;-O-methyl pyridoxol-5rsquo;-glucoside(MPN-5rsquo;-glucoside, MPNG), MPN and MPNG are referred as ginkgotoxin. A method of detoxification by membrane separation was established in the early stage of this project. First, the optimum extraction conditions of ginkgotoxin were obtained as follows: the extraction solvent was water, the ratio of solid to liquid was 1/40 (g/mL), the extraction temperature was 25℃, the extraction time was 20 min, and the extraction times was 2 times. Secondly, the extraction solution containing ginkgotoxin was treated by membrane separation. The optimal conditions of the ultrafiltration membrane were obtained as fellows: the membrane aperture size was 10 KD, the pressure was 0.2~0.3 MPa, and the elution volume was 4.7 L. The optimal conditions of the nanofiltration membrane were obtained as fellows: the membrane aperture size was 600 D, the pressure was 0.4~0.5 MPa, and the elution volume was 3.0 L. Based on the research results of the laboratory, this graduation design will design a factory with a capacity of producinge 1 ton detoxified ginkgo powder per day by membrane separation method, which will lay the foundation for the industrialization of thise method as early as possible.
Keywords：Ginkgo, Ginkgotoxin, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, Detoxification
1.白果的简介
银杏是我国的古老珍贵树种之一，为一科一属一种的特殊植物，原产于我国，在我国的种植历史悠久，产量占到了全世界的70％左右。银杏素有“活化石”之称，全身是宝，是一种多用途的经济树种。银杏果成熟的种子俗称白果，其核仁为可食用部分。由于其营养丰富，自古以来被当作养生延年的上品，而现代已成为传统的出口产品[1]。白果仁呈椭圆形，一端较尖，一端呈圆滑的弧形，表面为淡黄色或者黄白色，表面光滑[2]，医学界认为白果有良好的保健医疗效果，近年研究分析表明，白果除含有蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和糖类之外，还含有丰富的有益于身体的维生素、微量元素和重要的氨基酸[1]。近年又有研究认为，白果具有高效广谱杀菌、耐缺氧、保护肝脏、改善大脑功能、抗疲劳和延缓衰老作用，故白果除食用外已成为医药、化妆品等的重要原料。白果可以生吃、 可煮熟食用, 具有很好的医疗作用，但是白果生食有毒，煮熟过后可以降低白果毒性，但不能完全去除白果的毒性，故需特别注意白果的食用量，若食用过多可导致人体的中毒甚至死亡。
2.白果中的成分
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