从生态女性主义角度解读《德伯家的苔丝》 An Ecofeminist Reading of Tess of the dUrbervilles文献综述

 2021-09-25 20:45:02

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2.1GeneralcriticismatHomeandAbroad

AsaclassicofThomasHardy,numerousstudyofTessofthedUrbervilleshasemerged.Mostofthemfocusontragicthemeanalysis.ManyscholarspayattentiontotheindividualfactorsthatleadtoTessstragedy.InherinternalfactorsofTess,LiuJingjingpointedoutthatTesssowncharactersbringthetragedy.Tesscomesfromapeasant'sfamily，theoldmoralconceptsandfatalismshacklehermind.Whensheissubjectedtopersecuteofpublicandtraditionalmorality，shethinksthatsheisguilty.Herselflessnessandself-sacrificeprovidetheopportunityforthewickedpower(129).AnotherscholarwhostandinthesamesidewithLiu,LuNanbelievedthatTessstragedyisinevitablyrelatedwithvariousfactors,whileamongthesefactors,thepersonalfactorsarethemostvitalandessentialones.InherthesisAnalyzethePersonalFactorsLeadingtotheTragedyofTess,LuanalyzedthestoryfromTesssambivalentcharacter(weakandstrong,self-esteemandself-abasement)tothatofAlecDUrbervilleswhotrickedtheinnocentyounggirlandpossessedher,andtothatofAngelClarewhoabandonedTessanddestroyedallherdreamsandfinallythatofTesssparentswhodominatedherlifeirresponsiblyandpushedhertotheabyssoftragedystepbystep.(71)

SomeotherscholarsmightalsostudythereasonsofTesstragedyformSurroundingcircumstances.Forexample,inherpaperSocialEnvironmentElementsinTesssTragedy,SunQiongyingintroducedtheclashbetweentheAgrarianLifeandIndustrialization,thehypocrisyofVictorianMoralityanditsconflictwithmodernideaandtheclashbetweentheologyandmodernidea.

Theperspectiveofpsychoanalysishasalsobeenappliedbysomescholars.PsychoanalysiscreatedbyFreudin19thcentury,isoneofthemostpopulartheories.Ithasinfluencedtheanalysisofnovelcharacters.InOnTesssMultiplePersonalityfromPsychoanalyticPerspective,ChenYanandXuShiyangdescribedfromfouraspects.Firstly,losingvirginitycausedmuchhurtonTess.Secondly,theydescribedthefightbetweenegoandid.Thirdly,theydescribedtheoppositionbetweenlosingvirginityandinnervirgin.Fourthly,theydemonstratedtheoutbreakofTesssego.Theybelievedthatthisnovelreflectedtheinnerfightbetweenego,idandsuperegoofhumanbeings.

2.2Criticismfromtheperspectiveofeco-feminism

Ecofeminism,aspartofthewesternfeministmovementinthe1970s,isthecombinationofthefeministandecologicalmovements.Recentyears,withtheintroductionofecofeministapproach,thereisaresearchboominwhichthereevaluationofliteraryclassicshasbecomeabigissue.AsoneofThomasHardysmostrepresentativework,TessoftheD'Urbervillesisofgreatsignificanceinthehistoryofliterature,whichdemonstratesseveralvalueconflictsbetweenpeopleandnature,manandwoman,andindustrialandecologicalenvironment.Thoughthenovelwascreatedbeforethebirthofeco-feminism,theeco-feministthoughtsinithavelongattractedscholarsathomeandabroadtoconductresearchesonTessfromtheperspectiveofeco-feminism

Fromtheperspectiveofeco-feminism,ZhangMingholdstheopinionthatoppressedbypatriarchyandcapitalism,Tessisdoomedtobethevictimofthesociety.ShethoughtthatTess'stragedytookplaceinthesocialtransitionfromfeudalismtocapitalism.Tess'sdestructiontypicallyrepresentsthetragicfateofthepeasantswhohavecollapsedeconomicallybecauseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandtheintroductionofcapitalistmachineryonalargescaleandwhohavedeclinedintowageworkers.(36)

Anothereco-feminist,WeiYafeiregardTessDurbeyfiledasthedaughterofnature,whohasamysteriousaffinitytonature,andherfatecomplieswiththealternationofseasonsastheplotprogresses,turningtonatureforconsolation.Bycontrast,WeithoughtAngelandAlecarequitedistantfromnature.Influencedbyandrocentrismandmaterialismrespectively,AngelandAlechavejointlycorneredTesstodeathmentllyandphysically.However,Tess'tragedyismoreasocialtragedy.Withtheintrusionofindustrializationinthecountryside,Tessisforcedtobeseparatedfromnaturewhenthetraditionalcountrylifeisoverturned.Shehasnoescapeinthesocietywhichhasalreadybeenpreoccupiedbypatriarchalvalues.Therefore,industrializationandpatriarchyhavebecometherootofTess'death,saidWei.(3)

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