A Study of Public Discourses in the “LGBT Adoption Dispute” Under a CDA View文献综述

 2022-08-19 09:38:04

A Study of Public Discourses in the “LGBT Adoption Disputersquo; under a CDA view

Abstract：This review will introduce the theoretical frame work of Critical Discourse Analysis, as well as the development of the theory both abroad and at home. The application of CDA theory in analyzing public discourse will also be examined. Finally, an introduction of the research work done on the topic of LGBT community will also be made.

Key words：Critical Discourse Analysis; public discourse; LGBT

  1. Literature Review
    1. An Overview on CDA Theory

1.1.1 Theoretical Framework

CDA, i.e., Critical Discourse Analysis, studies the ideological meanings behind language structures by analyzing the linguistic features of a text and the socio-historical background of it. As a newly emerged branch of linguistics in the 1970s, CDA opposes the conventional view that language is merely a form or a container of meanings, but sees it as something that generates meanings itself. Based on the theories of Marx, Althusser, etc, critical linguists believe that ideology is pervasive in language. Therefore, the aim of CDA is to reveal the complex relations between language, power and ideology. In his 1989 book, Language and Power, Fairclough has proposed the famous three-dimensional framework in conducting discourse analysis:

It indicates that text is produced from discursive practice, which includes the production, distribution and consumption of the text, all of which are determined by certain context of social practice. Thus he has brought up the three elements or steps in critical discourse analysis: 1) describe the structural features of a text; 2) interpret the relation between the text and the process of its production, distribution and consumption; 3) explain the relation between such processes and the social background in which the text occurs (Fairclough, 1992). Such viewpoint sees language as a multifunctional system, and is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics by Halliday (1970), who brought up the viewpoint that language has three metafunctions, namely, ideational function, interpersonal function and texual function. Hallidayrsquo;s viewpoint of discursive practice, his definition of language as meaning potential, and his theories about register, context, cohesion and coherence (1973, 1978) have also contributed to the development of CDA theories.

CDA is seen as an instrumental linguistics (Fowler, 1987). It aims to reveal the hidden ideology in texts, especially those predetermined assumptions, faiths or values. It has placed its focus on two non-literary domains, first of which being public discourse and official language, including discourse of the government, officials and news institutes. The general practice of CDA is to first analyze the structural features of a text and to relate them to certain techniques of generating. For example, to see frequent use of nouns and passive structures as produced from the techniques of nominalization and passivization. Then the analyzer shall relate the techniques to certain ideologies based on the context of production. Finally, he can further study the social function of such technique, for example, to help gain, maintain or overturn certain relations of power . (Xin Bin, 2005)

Theoretically speaking, ideology could be conveyed in any layer or structure of a text (Bolinger, 1980; Fairclough, 1992), but the usual practice is to focus on certain structures that might convey significant social or ideological meanings, then make conclusions about the whole text. Therefore, Most researchers, when conducting discourse analysis, mainly focus on the following four elements: classification, transitivity, modality and transformation.

1.1.1.1 Classification

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