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1．According to the situation of the graduation project (thesis), according to the literature information consulted, each person should write Literature review around 2000 words:Literature review:Construction: Frame Structures are used in construction.1.1 The framework structure is in the process of being built.Frame structures are the most common type of modern architecture all over the world, and they are also the most common. You can set it up any way you want. For frame buildings, both reinforced concrete and steel frames are used. Reinforced concrete frames are more common in schools. [1] To keep up with the world, Chinas concrete industry has kept up with the growth of the building industry. Most of the worlds concrete is made in China, and most of it comes from there. A lot of things can be done with concrete, like make it dry, make it into building blocks, or make it very soft. High-strength concrete, admixtures, new types of concrete with better performance, and green concrete are all good things for the concrete industry. A lot of people have agreed that concrete has a lot of good things. [2]In the frame, nodes connect the beam and column parts. Cast-in-place, assembled, and assembled integrated frame structures can all be broken down into three broad groups based on how they were built. If you live in a place that has a lot of shaking, youre more likely to see beam, column, and slab cast in place. In non-shaking places, beam, column, and slab precasting schemes can also be used. If you want to connect parts of a frame structure, theyre usually hinged or rigid. The beam and column can handle both outside and inside forces, like horizontal, vertical, and seismic loads. [3]With its high level of rigidity, the frame can withstand huge outside forces. The popularity of the frame structure may be because it has a lot of strength and separates space well. There have been many problems with concrete frame structures over the years that have been solved thanks to changes in science and technology. Frame structures have been used to support and protect building projects. They can also be used in everyday life. [4]Framework structure system in choosing factors and scope.Take into account the structures operational needs.When making a decision, think about things like how tall and wide the building is, what kind of earthquake protection it has, how strong it is, and what kind of land it is on before you make a decision.In this case, the frame structure system can be used in place of either a masonry structure or a frame-shear wall. In terms of safety and use, modern technology, cost-effectiveness, and ease of building the frame structure should be used (structural design principles).There are things to think about when building multi-story and high-rise buildings. A lot of the time, frame structures that are made to withstand earthquakes are made up of several stories and small high-rise buildings (below 7 degrees).Designing a high frame structure in a seismic area is not a good idea because the frame structure doesnt have enough lateral stiffness. Buildings in the 7 (0.15g) fortification zone cant have more than 28 metres and 7 stories, respectively, in the area around them. An 8-degree (0.3g) fortification zone should not have more than five levels and a maximum height of 20 metres. This is how it should work: Whether or not the calculation indicators meet the specifications requirements, it doesnt make sense to spend money if the above data are exceeded. [5]1.3 Framework design specs:In order to build a high-quality building, the frame structure must be carefully thought out. There must be a lot of attention paid to the frame structures axial compression ratio, inter-layer displacement angle, and period ratio from when the design concept and design technology are used to make sure the structural parameters stay in a manageable range and the building is safe and reliable. To make sure that the building is both functional and environmentally friendly, designers should use their professional knowledge and technical skills to make fair and appropriate changes to data that doesnt meet national standards. [4]Calculation method for two-dimensional rigid-compound-frame structuresStructural Design of RC-Frame Buildings Part 2: DamageIt starts with a strength-based method. Inter-story drift ratio and the global damage index are two performance metrics that are tested to see how well the stories work together. The drift between stories is only taken into account in the capacity spectrum method. CDYSS, which makes a connection between yield strength and damage index, is used to measure the global damage index. Method: Seismic design of RC frame structures is done by following this method. [6]Preliminary design can help you set seismic performance goals. Preliminary designs are followed by a selection of the basic configuration and structural layout, as well as the start parameters, and the seismic performance goals are set using a number of different criteria. [6]Building parts should be made to withstand a lot of earthquakes using the current strength-based design method.Third, convert an MDOF system to an SDOF system that is the same. After figuring out the structures dynamic features, like its natural vibration periods and modes, the MDOF system is converted into an equivalent SDOF system using the same principles that have been used for a long time.Analyze how easy it is to move you around. The base shear against top displacement relationship curve is used to figure out the yield strength and ultimate displacement ductility factor when the load is monotonic. This is how it works: [6]Keep your stories from drifting apart by making sure there isnt anything else going on. The inter-story drift responses of the performance points are compared to the limit values that correspond to the goals that were set for them. If the steel reinforcement isnt strong enough, it might have to be changed. It should be done again from step 4 onward. To keep going until we reach our limit, we need to keep going. [6]If the inter-story drift ratio at the performance point meets the performance standards, then figure out how strong the structure needs to be. In this case, (4) (Ductility ability and CDYSS). [6]If the performance requirements are met, go ahead and design the construction details. [6]Seismic optimization of the RC frame was done using a displacement-based method (analysis of structural performance level and displacement control index)To design a structure and its parts so that the structures displacement response is the goal when there is a certain amount of earthquake, the displacement-based seismic design approach is the main idea behind it. People use performance-based seismic design because it is so good at what it does. It is common to use the ductility coefficient, the capacity spectrum method, and direct displacement-based earthquake design methods. So, its important to know how the concretes final compression strain in the plastic hinge zone is linked to the components displacement ductility coefficient or the curvature ductility coefficient of the part that it is in. Because the concrete core has restraint stirrups on it, it is possible to get the ductility coefficient that is needed. By comparing a structures capacity spectrum curve to its seismic demand spectrum curve, you can figure out how well it can withstand a strong earthquake. This is called the capacity spectrum method. The direct displacement-based seismic design method calculates the structures seismic action based on the estimated displacement in order to make sure it will be able to handle the predicted displacement. [7]Based on the idea of energy, the RC seismic design method for frame buildings is based on (numerical simulation method)The grounds amplitude, spectrum, and duration can all be measured. The cumulative damage caused by the length of the earthquake isnt taken into account when evaluating the structures seismic performance. Only the displacement index is used. When you only look at displacement signs for elastoplastic phase performance and failure characteristics, this isnt enough. Energy-based seismic design looks at how energy is put in, converted, and dissipated under the influence of earthquakes. It takes into account these two basic structural design parameters, force and displacement, in order to manage the energy transformation route and fully represent earthquake action. It has an effect on how things are put together in the long run. When designing a structure or part using the energy-based seismic design method, it is important to find out if it can meet the seismic input energy and structural energy requirements. Energy seismic design methodology must be used to figure out how much energy different types of structures or components can take in and use during a big earthquake. In the last few years, research has been focused on two areas: energy demand analysis and energy capacity analysis, as well as the study of the method. [8]The design of the skeletal frameConcrete frames are made up of parts that are firmly glued together. An 'instant connection' is a term for this. Most of the time, moment connections are used in concrete frame structures, while hinged connections are used in steel buildings. [9]The frames main structural parts.There are slabs on the plate that bend to hold the weight of a load. Most of the time, they carry the bulk of the weight of the structure on top of them. Because they have a lot of inertia, they can withstand wind and earthquake forces when they are operating horizontal loads and then pass them on to the beam below. [10]There are two types of beams: direct loads like stone walls and slab loads. Its possible that the beams are held up by other beams or by columns that are part of the frame. A lot of the time, the flexural parts are to blame. [10]Columns are the vertical parts of the building that hold the weight of the beams and other parts on top of them. Loads that are axial or eccentric can be taken care of. Columns are more important than beams and slabs, but they arent as important as they used to be. It could fall down even if it was just a single beam that broke on one level. [10]The weight of the building rests on the foundation. There are foundations that help the weight of the columns and walls be transferred to the ground. [11]Shear walls are columns that look like walls instead of columns because they are so big. They look like walls because they are so big. Wind and earthquakes fall on them. They also have to lift and move heavy things up in the air. [10]Elevator shafts are concrete boxes that can go up and down. They are used to store elevators that can go up and down. It looks like concrete surrounds the elevator, which is a separate piece of the building. Structural parts, like these shafts, are important for dealing with both horizontal and vertical stress. [12]There are two types of rigid structural frames; braced and non-braced: The concrete for rigid structural frameworks may or may not be poured all at once on the project site. They give extra support and can handle rotations better. This frame has both positive and negative bending moments because of the way the walls, beams, and slabs work together. [13]In braced structural frames, diagonal parts act as braces to resist lateral forces. Sideways forces are used to fight them. The diagonal parts of a structural frame are used to keep the rectangular parts of the frame in place. [13]Setting up the deformation joint:Its possible to break down the overall design of the frame structure into many separate parts by using settlement joints, expansion joints, and seismic joints. These joints take into account the negative effects of settlement, temperature changes, and an intricate body shape. It will be a lot of work to make sure that the foundation is waterproof when the structure is done. As a result, the current trend is to not talk about the seam and instead use the overall pattern or structure to make the right adjustments to the pattern or structure. Settlement, big changes in the climate, or a complicated body structure could all harm health. A frame should be broken down into parts when there are joints that must be made. [14]The use of PKPM in the design of frames.Architects are more and more using the PKPM frame structure design method in their work. To meet the architectural needs of many people who use large areas, like factories, shopping malls, and homes, the planar layout using the PKPM frame structure design can be changed. As part of the design process, the structural layout of a building, the design of components for the buildings frame, and the construction drawing all happen. The PKPM software is most useful when it comes to structural analysis and component design. [15] [16]References[1] J. Heyman., 'Beams and Framed Structures 2nd Edition,'. [2] GB50352-2005. Civil building design general principles. [3] GB 50011-2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. [4] E. X. Xiuli., Design of concrete frame structure, China Construction Industry Press, 2008.. [5] 11G329-1. Detailed seismic design of buildings (multistory and high-rise reinforced concrete houses). [6] B. F. 1 (April 1. 2008) (April 1, 2008), ISBN-10: 7508366379, ISBN-13: 978-7508366371.'. [22] P. C. M. C. K. J. M. P. C. M. F. Kim S. Elliott BTech, 'Multi‐storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, 21 October 2013.'. [23] Ray Hulse amp; Jack Cain, Structural Mechanics 2nd edition.. [24] Rob Thallon, Graphic Guide to Frame Construction: Fourth Edition, Revised and Updated.. [25] GB 50009-2012. Building Structure Load Specification. [26] GB 50010-2010. Code for design of concrete structures. [27] GB 50003-2011. Code for design of masonry structures. [28] GB 50016-2014. Code for fire protection of building design. [29] GB / T 50104-2010. Architectural drawing standards. [30] GB / T 50001-2010. Unified standard for building drawing. [31] GB / T 50105-2010. Building structure drafting standards. [32] 16G101-2. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete slab stairs). [33] 16G101-3. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and detailed structural drawings (independent foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation and pile foundation cap).
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