全文总字数：5603字
锂离子电容器电极材料研究进展
摘要：锂离子电容器的负极多为锂离子电池的负极反应的材料，而正极则多为超级电容器正极具有电容特性的材料。锂离子电池能量密度高，而功率密度较低，使用寿命较短。相反，超级电容器功率密度高，使用寿命长，而能量密度较低。锂离子电容器将两者优点结合，制备出了具有能量密度高、功率密度高、使用寿命长等优势的储能器件。锂离子电池的研究非常深入，这为锂离子电容器的开发提供了非常好的理论支持。对锂离子电容器展开研究，能为其商用化提供理论依据。但是锂离子电容器存在发生电池型反应的负极与发生离子可逆吸附脱附的正极间动力学与比电容不匹配、使用过程中形成固态电解质膜、首次充放电不可逆容量损失高等问题，这限制了锂离子电容器进一步发展。为进一步提高锂离子电容器的使用性能，研究者们一直致力于开发新的电极材料。按照电容器负极发生反应的类型，将负极材料大致分为嵌入型、转化型、合金型三类
关键词：锂离子电容器、储能器件 、电化学
Advances in the research of electrode materials for lithium-ion capacitors
Abstract: The negative pole of lithium-ion capacitors is mostly the material of the negative reaction of lithium-ion batteries, while the positive pole is mostly the material with the capacitive properties of the supercapacitor positive. Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density, low power density and short service life. In contrast, supercapacitors have high power density, long service life, and low energy density. Lithium-ion capacitors combine the advantages of the two, and produce energy storage devices with high energy density, high power density and long service life. Lithium-ion battery research is very deep, which provides very good theoretical support for the development of lithium-ion capacitors. The research of lithium-ion capacitor can provide theoretical basis for its commercialization. However, lithium-ion capacitors have problems such as the negative inter-dynamics of battery-type reaction and the positive inter-dynamics of the inverse adsorption of ions and the ratio capacitors, the formation of a solid electrolyte film during use, and the high loss of irreversible capacity of the first charge and discharge, which limits the further development of lithium-ion capacitors. To further improve the performance of lithium-ion capacitors, researchers have been working on the development of new electrode materials. According to the type of negative reaction of the capacitor, the negative material is divided into three categories: embedded, transformational and alloy.
Key words: lithium ion capacitor；energy storage device; electrochemistry
- 前言
随着我国越来越重视生态环境保护和可持续发展，开发清洁的储能器件日益成为研究的热门领域。锂离子电池(lithium ion battery, LIB)具有较高的能量密度(130-200 Wh/kg),是目前通讯、交通等领域的主要储能器件，然而其功率密度较低(lt;1000 W/kg)、使用寿命较短(lt;1000次)。相比于锂离子电池，超级电容器(electrochemical capacitor, EC) 具有更高的功率密度(gt;10 kW/kg)和极长的使用寿命(104～105 次)，然而其较低的能量密度(5～10 Wh/kg)严重阻碍了其进一步应用[1,2]。于是，兼具锂离子电池高能量密度特性和电化学电容器高功率密度特性的储能器件成为迫切需求[3]。因此，分别由电池行为和电容器行为的电极材料组成两极的混合离子电容器就被开发出来。得益于其结构，它既可以表现出近似电池的能量密度，又可以表现出近似超级电容器的功率密度。锂离子电池的研究非常深入，这为锂离子电容器的开发提供了非常好的理论支持。对锂离子电容器展开研究，能为其商用化提供理论依据。
- 国内外研究情况
国内外对锂离子电容器的研究，可以根据负极的反应类型，大致可以分为嵌入型、转化型和合金型3类[4]。
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