China Bangladeshs trade relationship: One belt One road initiative文献综述

 2021-12-13 21:38:57

文献综述

1.IntroductionAt present China is one of the biggest trade partners of Bangladesh, and both countries are at their positive peak as far as political, financial, and military relations. This relationship mainly got strength after the OBOR (One Belt One Road) initiative. The Belt and Road Initiative is an exertion to enrich territorial participation and networking on a trans-mainland scale. The initial plan is to strengthen infrastructure, trade, and trade areas and routes between China and around 65 different countries that covered 30 percent of the worlds GDP or more than the percent, and 62 percent of the populace. The predictable cost of infrastructure is worth $26 trillion and is expected to cover the lives of 4.4 billion people who are under OBOR (One Belt One Road) nations. OBOR happened and developed in terms of nations because basically, human beings cannot live without harmony, amity, collaboration, and connectivity among themselves, for their welfare and to improve their countries through the cultural exchange, art, religion, philosophy, technology, language, science, architecture, and every other component of development they need this mainland connectivity. The BRI (Belt Road Initiative) concludes basically with the Silk Road Economic Belt, which connected China to Central and South Asia and onwards to Europe, and the New Maritime Silk Road connected China to the countries of southeast Asia, the Gulf Countries, North Africa, and Europe. The scheme would help in the range of the activity is as yet coming to completionall the more as of late, the initiative has been decrypted to be accessible to all nations and regional relations. The undertaking is often shown as a 21st-century silk road, made of a "belt" of overland passageways and an oceanic "street" of seaways. OBOR's main idea has been come to ancient land-trade routes in the outline of the Silk Road Economic Belt project (SREB Silk Road Economic Belt) reinforced by the Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road (21MSR) as featured by Xi Jinping in Autumn 2013 first in Kazakhstan with favor to the SREB, and then in Indonesia with esteem to the 21MSR. In addition, the OBOR also comprises regional platforms of co-operation, mainly the 16 1 Group (G16 1) assembly China and Central and Eastern European countries (CEEs) which was established in April 2012 in Warsaw, that the announcement is over a year ahead of the OBOR. The OBOR has been envisioned as a generally geopolitical project with possibly extensive monetary implications. Hence, the OBOR in terms of attraction has for long attracted huge concentration from observers and researchers focusing on politics, international relations, and economics. Though, for now, the OBOR is still at the underlying period of acknowledgment and its prosperity relies upon the arrangement of a proficient institutional and administrative climate along OBOR's trade route. We primarily acknowledged and classified a bunch of critical OBOR-related glitches, while inviting contributors to explore the legal dimensions of the argument adjacent to the OBOR. As we know the relationship between China and Bangladesh is now in the positive pickle in terms of politics, finance, trade, and military assistance. In this paper, from a view of optimism, was attempted to demonstrate, how Bangladesh as a developing nation can be benefited from Chinas One Belt, One Road initiative, by combining all the opportunities utilizing all resources, to pursue an outstanding infrastructure growth and a strong economic structure that will independently gather all the possible prospects were not getting lightened. Hence from Chinas side, how this nation can come to the point of leading economy in the era of cold trade and economic war.2.Literature Review2.1. The Concept of OBORFormerly known as the 'Kunming Initiative' at its inception in 1999, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Forum for Regional Cooperation aims to establish a sub-regional cooperation zone linking Bangladesh and Myanmar to the relatively backward regions of southwest China and northeast India. Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed a major new vision for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in September 2013, which promotes Eurasian connectivity and includes the BCIM Economic Corridor Roadmap (BCIM-EC). The BCIM-EC is planned to be extended on three routes: one, known as K2K, will run via Myanmar, Northeast India, and Bangladesh from Kunming to Kolkata; the other two will go in one direction from Mandalay of Myanmar to Chittagong of Bangladesh and in another direction to Sittwe seaport in the Rakhine state of Myanmar. With the links between transport, energy, and telecommunications networks, joint development for areas along the maritime corridor of the 21st century is expected to be promoted. The New Silk Roads focus on six economic corridors that connect China with South and Central Asia as well as Africa and Europe (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016; National Development and Reform Commission, et al., 2015). The Silk Road Economic Belt will cover the A New Eurasia Land Bridge, China-Mongolia- Russia Economic Corridor China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor and China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor. 21"-Century Maritime Silk Road emphasizes the building of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Bangladesh -China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016;National Development and Reform Commission, et al 2015).OBOR will have an enormous impact on countries along the roads, as well as the Chinese provinces, and it is difficult to tell which provinces will be most affected. The initiated roads will have a National Development and Reform Commission, et al. (2015), according to the National Development and Reform Commission, et al. (2015). OBOR will have an enormous impact on countries along the roads, as well as the Chinese provinces, and it is difficult to tell which provinces will be most affected. According to the Initiating roads for the National Development and Reform Commission, et al. (2015) Since the route will go through these provinces, nine Chinese provinces will have a direct impact on About the provinces. The inland route will pass through Shaanxi, Gansu, Autonomous Ningxia, The region, the autonomous region of Qinghai and Xinjiang Uygur, and the maritime road will be Connect with ports in Fujian, Guangdong, the Autonomous Region of Guangxi, and Hainan Continuous National Commission for Development and Reform, (NDRC-2015) Mention other provinces and towns that will most likely benefit from the initiative and has the potential to further develop and grow. An example is Yunnan province, which has a strategic geographical location bordering Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar, therefore, can be used as a gateway to connect China to the Southeast. Asian countries: (Yu, 2016). Haggai (2016) discusses 22 out of 31 provincial cases. Governments, however, want to play a role in the initiative, linking the initiative to All these provinces could lead to harmful consequences at one time. According to the report, The Economist Intelligent Unit (2015) will join the initiative in all 31 provinces and all 31 provinces. In 2015, two-thirds of the provinces prioritized OBOR-related projects in their work Tactics for that. Provinces not yet specifically linked to OBOR can be impacted by spills. Over effects from provinces where growth has increased as a result of the initiative (Haggai, 2016). China wants to broaden and build on its global presence and strength, as well as Increase cooperation and integration with other countries in the region; (Ylu, 2016). Via policies that will have an impact on the global economy and trade, China is committed to Enhance its strength (Yu, 2016). OBOR plays an important role in these policies as well as the infrastructure, will not only play a role in economic and trade growth Much as cultural exchanges are to be increased (Yu, 2016). In order to clarify this, outlines of the latest National Growth and Reform Commission initiative and the two ministries of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and The Ministry of Commerce released its Vision and Action Plan in March 2015 (Du, 2016; Xinhua, 2016a, Commission for National Growth and Reform et al., 2015).2.2. Trade relation between China and BangladeshAs friendly nations China and Bangladesh has started their journey during January,1976. Then Bangladesh was like a new born baby just crawling with its economy in the global map. Then it was hard to find a nation stand behind a newly independence country which was totally devastated due to the 1971 war. Following that, On the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and China, the government of Bangladesh issued a postal stamp on October 4, 2000. Bangladesh joined OBOR in 2016 following a visit by Chinese President Xi Jinping, during which the two countries signed several agreements worth $21.5 billion. Back in 2014, the two-way exchange is expected in excess of $30 billion by 2021, which is $12 billion. In recent years, Chinese investment in Bangladesh has increased dramatically. Between 1977 and 2010, Chinese investment in Bangladesh amounted to just $250 million. This increased to about $200 million in 2011.After the OBOR initiative as a small economic country Bangladesh has started dreaming new futures with the opportunities over some challenges. After the initiative of 2016, OBOR connects Bangladesh with Kunming to Kolkata (Calcutta) via Mandalay. Due to the trade path, new opportunity arises as well as challenges. The opportunities are 1. Bringing in Loans and Foreign Direct Investments, 2. Becoming the prime destination for Chinas Sunset Industries, 3. Geopolitical Benefits 4. Infrastructure and etc. On the other hand, over opportunities Bangladesh has big problem mentioned as Rohingya issue. Bangladesh has accepted over 0.86 million of Rohingya refugees, due to a pathetic reason. While Bangladesh is struggling with this huge number of refugees, Bangladesh found none of the friendly nation after side and the main thing is Bangladesh has a fare about refugee entrance using the opportunity of OBOR. Though the opportunities seem like mountain but the problem is still an ache for a small economic nation. But Bangladesh is still hoping for the solving and getting more opportunities from its friendly nation China. Afterword for Bangladesh, China is a great blessing for the young economic nation.By education, infrastructure, politics, trade and cultural exchange Bangladesh has found China the most efficient friendly nation.2.3. The Basic GoalThere is a Phrase, "The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation" used to be repeated at any opportunity after the evolution of the Xi Jinping administration. This phrase does not end simply as the slogan of the government or the party, but as a rewarding trump card, such as legitimizing the political system for success, assembling the public together, and also as a strategic aim for the great nation in terms of foreign policy. OBOR consists of five main objectives: (1) Policy Alignment, (2) Equipment Connectivity, (3) Unimpeded Trade, (4) Financial Convergence, and (5) People-to-People Bonds for People (National Development and Reform Commission, et al., 2015). The goal is aimed at promoting and strengthening relations between Asia, Africa, and Europe, with shared seas and oceans included. For strengthening the relations, Railways, highways, waterways, and airport links need to be built (National Development and Reform Commission, et al., 2015). Within Under The aim of Facilities Connectivity is to include energy infrastructures, including gas pipelines. To be further established. Energy infrastructure growth will take place in the future. Improved in China and between the province of Xinjiang and Central Asian nations, Clarke, 2016). The goal is also to build and strengthen alliances and partnerships. Networks between countries on either side of the Silk Road Economic Belt or the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century. If The value of implementing better resources the goal will be sustainable and balanced. The growth will make an impact within the affected countries. Several related initiatives will help to boost up the various approaches for construction along the highways. In order to create the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Support for OBOR-related implementation and construction in China as well as Other countries in Asia (Haggai, 2016; Yu, 2016, National Growth and Reform 2015 Commission, et al.). The Silk Road Fund began to work in addition to AIIB. From which infrastructure projects along the roads will receive financial help in 2015, (Pop, 2016, Gan Mao, 2016). Cultural interactions have high demand because of the importance of Integration significance as well as lower tensions between individuals and ethnic groups in various countries and regions (Commission for National Growth and Reform et The. al., 2015). The Economic Belt of the Silk Road and the 21-Century Maritime Silk Road Have ambitious goals and priorities, which involve immense potential and possibilities, However, there are obstacles and threats relevant to the initiative as well.

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