Prospects and problems of foreign trade relations between Kazakhstan and the PRC文献综述

 2021-12-23 20:49:37

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文献综述

The reforms of the Kazakh economy and the globalization of the world economy dictate the increasing interconnection and interaction of the economies of Kazakhstan and China. In this regard, the problems and prospects for the development of trade relations between the two countries are becoming increasingly relevant. Kazakhstan and China are neighboring countries and mutually beneficial partners. Kazakhstan influences the position of the territories bordering with China, in turn, China takes a key role in foreign policy towards Kazakhstan.It is already known that the interaction between China and Kazakhstan is profitable and advantageous.Being bordering countries by land, there are a number of advantages. China is a major superpower on the world stage, not only for its geographical location, but also for its stable economic development, human resources, and political leadership. At the same time, Kazakhstan is a buffer for entering the Caspian-Central Asian region, which is projected to gain a leading position in the economic development of the modern world this century. In the 21st century, in the context of the globalization of the world economy, the topic of the development of state trade and economic relations between Kazakhstan and China remains relevant, which is gaining momentum every day and serves as an example for other states.With the development of interstate relations, the national economies of the two Powers are also developing. One of the most important factors is trade, thanks to which the countries have reached a new level of relations. As reported Zhang Hanhui (Ambassador extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of China in the Republic of Kazakhstan) in his article "China and Kazakhstan: hand in Hand to a better future": "If to compare with the period of the establishment of diplomatic relations, our current bilateral trade has increased almost 40 times the total volume of Chinese investment in Kazakhstan's economy exceeded $ 42.8 billion. Kazakhstan has become China's largest trading partner in Central Asia and the largest investment partner located along the "One Belt, One Road"." [5]The Central Asian region is quite promising in the long term. By creating and activating trade, economic and investment cooperation not only between specific countries, but also within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Trade relations will develop even better. It was the People's Republic of China that proposed the creation of a free trade zone on the territory of the SCO member states and the free movement of goods, services, capital and technology. One of the main trading partners of Central Asia for the People's Republic of China is the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to estimates, Kazakhstan accounts for more than 70% of China's goods turnover from all countries in this region. In order to understand the full picture of the trade turnover between the two countries, a detailed study and study of interstate relations in the field of foreign economic trade are necessary.The current condition of import-export trade between Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China must be taken into consideration in evaluating prospects for growth and the key problems of trade and economic cooperation between them. (Stepanov, 2012) Trade relations between the countries are at a high level. So, China has already become one of the most important partners of Kazakhstan in the field of trade. In addition, the Chinese are actively investing in the development of Kazakhstan. Till now, more than $ 42 billion has already been invested. Trade turnover is growing every year, only in the last two years it has grown by almost 45%. As it can be seen from Sbastien Peyrouses research, today, the trade between China and Kazakhstan is more than two thirds (approximately 70%) of trade between China and Central Asia. In contrast to the other historic force in the country, Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, has undergone major economic liberalization reforms under President Nursultan Nazarbayev since 1989 that are now effective in attracting foreign investments, despite their limitations. [16]Since the 1990s, the basis of Kazakhstan's trades to China has been petroleum items and oil. Hence, in 2008, the volume of unrefined oil supplies from Kazakhstan to China measured to a record $ 4 billion in money related terms this can be 52% more than the whole volume of Kazakh trades. Kazakhstan imports wrapped up items from China, basically buyer products, electrical hardware, apparatus, transport designing items, and the like. Additionally, China's imports to the Republic of Kazakhstan in numerous cases are characterized by satisfactory quality, which competes with domestic producers, given the low cost and amount. The commodity item 'machinery, equipment and mechanisms' is the leader of imports, with a 45.5% share of the total volume of imports (Aidarkulova, 2015). The current structure of the Kazakh-Chinese trade balance is efficient, according to Chinese experts, and is considered to be one of the key advantages of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. From their point of view, complementary economic systems focused on the capacity of the Republic of Kazakhstan to manufacture raw materials and China to recycle them would be saved in the short term.As it is said in Vyacheslav Dodonovs, Kazakhstan and China: Trade and Economic Cooperation, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 4 (2010), The economic prospects of both Kazakhstan and China for 2010 and in the long run appear quite favorable. This has created the conditions to enhance cooperation, which over the course of recent years, is increasingly shifting into the investment sphere. China is currently the third largest foreign investor in Kazakhstan with over of US$11 billion in accumulated investments.The state of trade and economic relations is satisfactory, thanks to the joint efforts of the two countries' governments and enterprises. Improving the overall economic situation in Kazakhstan is a significant factor in improving bilateral trading relationships. In a range of industrial sectors, in particular in the financial sector, namely oil and gas. According to Kazieva Nazerkes research called Economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China, a memorandum of Cooperation on the Development of Shelek and the transfer of flow from the Gyeongsu River into the Bestubinsk reservoir exists between JSC "Samruk-Energy" and the China International Water Management and Energy Corporation. The target, as explained in the Samruk-Kazyna JSC, is to establish partnerships and attract investment in Kazakhstan's electricity industry. The project's estimated cost is 1750,8 million US dollars.While the growth of trade and of economic cooperation in general was effective and dynamic, the bilateral investment activities were also problematic: for example, the inadequate and insignificant amount of Chinese direct investment in Kazakhstan and, on the other hand, of Chinese direct investment structure in Kazakhstan and about 70 per cent of China's direct investment were concentrated. In Kazakhstan, China's key economic interests are the access to energy protection from Kazakhstan's oil and gas sources. Chinese investment productivity for Kazakhstan is limited because the business value chains are practically absent. Logistics costs, an inability to build border infrastructure and a high degree of corruption can be minimized if value chains are established in Kazakhstan.[11]Scientists warn against the imperative of speeding up investments in non-resource economic sectors and the accumulation of savings that avoid inflation processes. The cause is high consumer lending rates, excessive mortgage lending growth, a decline in the quality of Kazakh bank lending, a reduction in the regular loan shares and a rise in foreign loans, which in general threatens the economy's stability. The analysts' troubling warnings on aggravating domestic inconsistencies need to be taken into account, although the macroeconomic conditions are favorable, as well as the high level of indicators achieved. In connection with rapid growth, there are signs of growing risks associated with the accumulation of commodity sales, according to representatives World Bank for Central Asia. [5] These include 'overheating the economy'; an over-intensification of tenge; the advent of 'Dutch disease' symptoms; the exacerbation of systemic problems; a decline in manufacturing share; and economic diversification opportunities. World experience indicates that transparency with respect to discretionary funds is breached in these situations as well as corruption and other negative phenomena. [17]Imported and exported products are monotonous in their systems. As mentioned above, Kazakhstan exports and imports light industry products for energy and mineral resources. This repetitive structure will cause the industry to be vulnerable to security and react slowly to market developments. As Askar Muminov reported, the new age of trade the transition of spontaneous trade to new standards, the activation by international retailers of online sales, the creation of master plans for the city and, most significantly, the trade and supply of local agricultural products is beginning to take place. One of four directions for a "Digital Kazakhstan 2020" is the new State Program "digital transformation of economic growth" aimed at reinforcing the integration and involvement of the Eurasian Economic Space and the so-called electronic commerce in the Central Asian region with the People's Republic of China. Therefore, along with the improvement of new technologies, the sphere of trade and economy is also changing. The future of trade relations between China and Kazakhstan is needed to be clarified, and in my research, I am going to cover its prospects and problems.References:1. Zhukov S.V., Reznikova O.B. Central Asia and China: Economic Interactions under Globalization.2. Paramonov V (2005) China Central Asia: present future of economic relations. Conflict Studies Research Centre Working Paper 05/25(E)3. Henryk Alff, Embracing Chinese modernity? Articulation and positioning in China-Kazakhstan trade and exchange processes 4. HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC, United Nations (Vol.10 No.4 October - December 2006)5. Zhang Hanhui (Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Kazakhstan), China and Kazakhstan: Hand in hand towards a brighter future. Rossiyskaya Gazeta-Special # 115(7281)6. Vyacheslav Dodonov, Kazakhstan and China: Trade and Economic Cooperation, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 4 (2010)7. Csar B. Martnez lvarez, China-Kazakhstan Energy Trade Relations8. Safronov K. Y. The presence of China in the Central Asian region / / Center for Military-Political Studies http://eurasiandefence.ru/?q=node/316829. Li Xing, Wang Chengxing China's Energy Security Strategy in Central Asia http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strategiya-energeticheskoybezopasnosti-kitaya-v-tsentralnoy-azii10. Zhao Yan. The effectiveness of foreign economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization: dis. ... Candidate of Economic Sciences / Yan Zhao. - Almaty, 2010.11. Stepanov V. V. Features of trade and economic cooperation of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan / V. V. Steponov / / History and Archeology: materials of the International Scientific Conference-St. Petersburg: Renome, 2012. 12. Kang M. Cooperation between Kazakhstan and China in the oil sector / / Vremya vostoka http://www.easttime.ru/analitic/3/3/603.html.13. Foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2011-2015. Statisticheskiy sbornik, ed.With. Aidarkulova. - Astana: Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan14. The Great Silk Road-Travel Guide http://www.advantour.com/rus/silkroad/index.htm15. Kazakh-Chinese trade relations http://bibliotekar.kz/istorijakazahstana-za-8-klass-hviii-v-1/8-kazahsko-kitaiskie-torgovye-otnoshenij.html.16. Sun Li. Problems and prospects of trade and economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and China https://articlekz.com/article/8023.17. Sbastien Peyrouse, Chinese Economic Presence in Kazakhstan China's Resolve and Central Asia's Apprehension 18. lida Ashimbaeva, Dostizhenija i problemy kazakhstansko-kitajskikh ekonomicheskikh otnoshenij (Outcomes and problems in China-Kazakhstan economic relations), 22 March 2007, http://www.postsoviet.ru/page.php?pid=118, consulted 12 August 2008.19. Askar Muminov, What is waiting for "Digital Kazakhstan"? A new trend in the development of the economy. https://kapital.kz/tehnology/77003/chto-zhdet-tsifrovoy-kazakhstan.html

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