The analysis of Uzbekistan-China trade文献综述

 2021-12-28 21:37:12

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文献综述

毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名： Mokhinur Askaralieva 学 号：L001170114所在学院： 经济与管理学院 专业：国际经济与贸易设计(论文)题目：The analysis of Uzbekistan - China trade指导教师：张家峰 2020年02月28日 毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写2000字左右的文献综述：文 献 综 述 Trade originated with human communication in prehistoric times. Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people who bartered goods and services from each other before the innovation of modern-day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.In the Mediterranean region, the earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species Homo sapiens, principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,00030,000 BP.Some trace the origins of commerce to the very start of transactions in prehistoric times. Apart from traditional self-sufficiency, trading became a principal facility of prehistoric people, who bartered what they had for goods and services from each other.Countries trade with each other when, on their own, they do not have the resources, or capacity to satisfy their own needs and wants. Thus by developing and exploiting their domestic scarce resources, countries can produce a surplus, and trade this for the resources they need.Clear evidence of trading over long distances dates back at least 9,000 years, though long distance trade probably goes back much further to the domestication of pack animals and the invention of ships. Today, international trade is at the heart of the global economy and is responsible for much of the development and prosperity of the modern industrialised world.Goods and services are likely to be imported from abroad for several reasons. Imports may be cheaper, or of better quality. They may also be more easily available or simply more appealing than locally produced goods. In many instances, no local alternatives exist, and importing is essential. As it comes to Uzbekistan China trade we can witness the following occasion. China established diplomatic relations with Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries in 1992. Since then, China has steadily expanded its Go West policy aimed at consolidating its presence in Central Asia. The record of Uzbekistan-China relations illustrates an ambitious and comprehensive Chinese plan for engaging neighbouring countries to its west. Relationships between these stateshave unavoidably affected the overall geopolitical transformation of the region since the demise of the Soviet superpower.This record reflects Chinas rising profile in Uzbekistans international and regional policy and vice versa. During Uzbekistans President Islam Karimovs official visit to China in June 2012, the two states signed a Declaration on Strategic Partnership, thereby elevating their relations. In October 2011 in Beijing, Uzbekistan and China had established an intergovernmental committee on cooperation in the trade-economic, investment, security, cultural-humanitarian, energy, transport, and scientific-technical spheres.Uzbekistan supplies Chinese markets with cotton fibre, mineral fertilizers, natural gas, non-ferrous metals and other goods. One of the prioritized areas of cooperation is in the energy sphere; two gas pipelines are already operating and plans exist for constructing two more in the nearest future. China is one of the biggest investors in Uzbekistans economy at US$ 6.5 billion, and 488 Chinese companies currently function in Uzbekistan.China is Uzbekistans third trade partner after Russia and the European Union; about 13 percent of Uzbekistans trade goes to China.IntroductionTrading is the basic activity of all investors or investment services its simply the buying, selling or exchanging of assets. In financial markets, people trade securities such as shares, currencies, commodities and derivatives.Shares are traded on a stock exchange, while commodities and equities are bought and sold on the trading floor. The general aim is to look for a profit by buying at a lower price and selling at a higher one, usually within a relatively short period of time.A trader can be anyone from an individual investor to a global institution. Trading can be done directly or via a broker, it can be done in person, on the phone or through an online trading platform. When It comes to international trade and its possible hardships, it would be decent to state significant description from book [1] The handbook of international trade and finance (2016).An international trade transaction, no matter how straightforward it may seem at the start, is not completed until delivery has taken place, any other obligations have been fulfilled and the seller has received payment. This may seem obvious; however, even seemingly simple transactions can, and sometimes do, go wrong.There are many reasons why these things happen, but behind them all isthe basic fact that the risk assessment of the transaction and/or the waythese risks were covered went wrong. An example is the risk assessment ofthe customer, where exporters do not always fully realize that some largercountries are divided into regions or states, often with different cultures,which may affect trade patterns and practices.In order to analyze the global trade I refer to [2] International TradeTHEORY POLICY (2018). In 2015, the world as a whole produced goods and services worth about $74 trillion at current prices. Of this total, about 30 percent was sold across national borders: World trade in goods and services exceeded $21 trillion. Thats a whole lot of exporting and importing.World trade is a moving target. The direction and composition of world trade is quite different today from what it was a generation ago and even more different from what it was a century ago.In order to get to the head of when there was established economic relationship between Uzbekistan and China we cannot escape the fact of close workshop of these two countries during the times of The Great Silk Road. Notwithstanding the fact that it already is in the very old past, in recent decades China re-established this route by almost the same project, yet the dubbing has been shifted into One Road One Belt. About the background of Silk Road and about the modern version of it, One Road One Belt I will be analyzing the data in the following books: [3] Rethinking theSilk Road (2018), [4] Silk Road to Belt Road (2019), [5] Transcontinental Silk Road Strategies (2019), [6] Chinas Global Rebalancing and the New Silk Road (2018)[6] Chinas economic and political ascent signals an epochal change.1. The countrys enormous growth rate has continued over almost four decades.Measured in GDP (PPP), China overtook the U.S. in 2013 as the biggesteconomy and now commands over 17% of the world economy. AlthoughChina is still far away from reaching the per capita GDP level of the richestgroup of countries.2. The centre of gravity of the world economy is movingtowards Asia. As China integrates itself into global markets and productionnetworks, East Asia has become the central engine of the world economy,reinstating an earlier pattern that was broken during the nineteenth centurysgreat divergence, when the industrial revolution gave rise to a Europeandominated world economy.3. Chinese companies and policy makers exert agrowing financial and regulatory influence at a regional and global levelbecause of accelerating investment activities into mineral extraction, fossilfuels, and infrastructure projects around the world. Chinese leaders anddiplomats, supported by an increase of wealth and military power, have inturn expanded the scope and ambitions of their foreign policy.Before getting into the comparison of current economic state of these two countries I rather go for analysing it separately for each country. And to do this I take an aid of the following books: [7] The Financial System of Uzbekistan: An Evaluation of Twelve Years of Transition (2004), [8] Doing Business in Uzbekistan (2015), [9] Testing Household Economies of Scale in Uzbekistan (2011), [12] The economic modernization of Uzbekistan (2018)[12] While production levels have declined steadily in recent years, cotton remains one of the most important export products and is produced throughout the country. Gold is another significant export, with production mostly coming from the Muruntau gold mine in the Navoi viloyat (region). The mining industry also produces significant amounts of silver and copper. Natural gas production is increasing and has recently become one of Uzbekistans main export commodities. Gross Domestic Product (purchasing power parity) in 2013 was approximately US$ 112.6 billion.1 Despite the recent world financial and economic crisis, Uzbekistan enjoyed GDP growth and has seen few effects from the global economic downturn, primarily due to the strong government involvement in banking and other strategic industries, its diversified economy and its relative isolation from global financial markets. It suffered only minor losses in its oil and gas exports during the crisis. Most of Uzbekistan banks leverage ratios are now between 12 and 20 percent and the quality of their assets are fair. During the past eight years, the countrys GDP has been annually growing by approximately 7-8 percent.In order to analyse the current state of economics of China I would prefer to address to the following books: [14]China and the global economy since 1840 (2000), [16] Chinas Remarkable Economic Growth (2012), [15] Chinas Economy and what everyone needs to know (2014)[15] The legacy left by Chinas command economy to its reform economy must be understood. The initial conditions affected all aspects of the reform process. When China embarked on its journeyone of crossing the river by feeling for the stonesthe riverbank that it left behind had a far-reaching impact on the crossing.The rural and the urban sectors, being compartmentalized and separated except through the intermediation of the state (Knight and Song 1999), require separate discussion. We begin with the rural sector. On taking power in 1949, the CCP confiscated land from rich peasants and landlords and redistributed it to poor and landless households. The land reform of 19503 was enormously popular: it gave the state legitimacy and formed bonds of support for the new government. The subsequent gradual collectivization of agriculture therefore encountered no serious resistance from the majority of peasants. The apparent success of this collectivization and the need to extract more agricultural surplus for industrialization emboldened the leadership to go further and to establish peoples communes. All factors of production were collectively owned, private plots of land were abolished.After the aforementioned steps of the analysis it is the right moment to make the deep analysis of trade between two countries Uzbekistan and China.In the following books I will be analyzing export and import traits, holistic and detailed trading factors of Uzbekistan and in what ways it leads trading relationships with China: [11] Uzbekistan Initiative Papers (2014), [17] CENTRAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN (2020), [13] GCAPUB 2007[13] Despite the fact that the Republic of Uzbekistan was the first country in Central Asia to establish diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on January 2, 1992,2 it was not until the middle of the first decade of the twenty- first century that China took active steps togain a foothold in the Uzbek economy. Even in 2001, when Uzbekistan became one of the founding members of the Shanghai CooperationOrganization (SCO), there was no real evidence of a rapid or significant growth of Chinese economic or business presence in the country. Officiallyrecorded trade volumes (excluding shuttle trade) were almost negligible. According to official statistics, in the period from 1992 to 2002 the volume of Chinas exports to Uzbekistan did not exceed $114 million per year, while overall trade stood at $136 million per year, representing only slightly more than 2 percent of the foreign trade turnover of Uzbekistan.References:[1] Anders Grath (2016), The handbook of international trade and finance: the complete guide for international sales, finance, shipping and administration. London: Graphicraft Limited.[2] Paul R. Krugman (2018), International Trade THEORY POLICY. London: Pearson Education Limited.[3] Maximilian Mayer(2018), Rethinking the Silk Road. Shanghai: Tongji University, German studies.[4] Md. Nazrul Islam (2019), Silk Road To Belt Road. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.[5] Timur Dadabaev(2019), Transcontinental Silk Road Strategies. Japan: University of Tsukuba.[6] B.R. Deepak (2018), Chinas Global Rebalancing. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.[7] Alexandr Akimov and Brian Dollery (2004), The Financial System of Uzbekistan: An Evaluation of Twelve Years of Transition.Armidale: University of New England.[8] Baker McKenzie (2015),Doing business in Uzbekistan. Almaty: CIS Limited.[9] Ziyodullo Parpiev, Kakhramon Yusupov (2011), Testing Household Economies of Scale in Uzbekistan . Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics , 4 (7), 25-51 pp. [10] J. Fayzullaxodjaev ( 2020), Central bank of the republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: Ozbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy Banki.[11] Vladimir Paramonov (2014), Uzbekistan Initiative Papers. Tashkent: Central Eurasia.[12] Mamuka Tsereteli (2002), The modernization of Uzbekistan. Lithhuania; Central Asia-Caucasus Institute[13] Martin Reiser and Dennis DeTray (2007), The New Silk Roads. New Jersey: A joint transatlantic corp.[14] Lu Aiguo (2000), China and the global economy since 1840. Beijing: Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.[15] Arthur R. Kroeber(2016), Chinas Economy What Everyone Needs To Know. New York: Courier Press.[16] John Knight and Sai Ding (2012), Chinas RemarkableEconomic Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.[17] J. Fayzullaxodjaev(2020), Central Bank Of Uzbekistan. Balance Of Payments, International Investment Position And External Debt Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: Milliy Bank Press (BPM6. IMF, 2009).

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