无人驾驶电动工程车惯导系统设计毕业论文
2021-03-11 22:56:39
摘 要
惯性导航系统是一种可以直接依靠自身的惯性测量传感器来获得速度、姿态位置等导航信息的,不需要外部信息的能够进行自我航迹推算的导航系统。相比于传统的导航系统GNSS或者GPS,惯导系统能够不受到外界的影响,在任何环境下都能工作,而且短期精度十分高,而GPS需要在外界能够接受到卫星信号的地方,而且需要接受到至少4颗卫星的信号,才能保证导航的精确,因此,在地下或者水下等难以接收到GPS信号的地方,就难以运用GPS导航,如果在地下安装GPS信号基站的话,成本太高。惯性导航系统有一个缺点就是本身误差会随时间的积累而增加,这是无法避免的,固然,可以选用更好的更精确的惯性器件,本身误差增长也会比较慢,这是一种解决方法,还有有一些办法来减小误差,比如说采用多种导航系统组合导航,比如说GNSS和惯导系统的组合导航,然后通过数学方法,将两者的数据组合,互相补足自身缺陷,从而来减少误差,但是在当前的要求,组合导航不适合,GPS的成本还是太高,因此,可以设定在特殊的条件下进行导航,本文中就是将惯导系统重置,从而降低误差,之前提到误差会随运行的时间的积累而增加,那么,减少系统的时间积累,自然就可以减少系统的漂移。
本文介绍了惯性导航、惯导系统的分类,还有如何减少惯导系统漂移的方案。按照实际设计的需求,我们选择的是捷联式惯性导航系统。原因是将SINS和平台式惯导系统相对比,SINS要更为小巧、灵便,质量小,方便操作、维护,通过虚拟的数学平台来模拟平台式惯导系统的实际存在的导航平台,因此,其计算量相比较大,但是现在IT技术的发展的十分完善,处理数据的成本较低。然后,关于INS的姿态矩阵,通过四元数法来刷新修正,四元数相比其他数学方法更为简单。相比传统的惯性器件,现在的MEMS惯性测量单元,以基本能达到设计的需求,而且相比于机械式或者光学式传感器,MEMS惯性测量单元尺寸更小,质量更轻,启动速率更快,便于维护。
关键词:惯性导航;捷联式惯性导航;MEMS惯性测量单元;四元数
Abstract
Inertial navigation system is a kind of navigation system which can directly rely on its own inertial measurement sensor to obtain navigation information such as speed and attitude position, and can not carry out self-route estimation without external information. Compared with the traditional navigation system GNSS or GPS, the inertial navigation system can not be affected by the outside world, can work in any environment, and short-term precision is very high, and GPS need to be able to receive satellite signals in the outside world, and need To receive at least four satellites of the signal in order to ensure the accuracy of navigation, therefore, in the underground or underwater and other difficult to receive GPS signals, it is difficult to use GPS navigation, if the underground installation of GPS signal base station, the cost is too high. Inertial navigation system has a drawback is that the error itself will increase with the accumulation of time, which is unavoidable, of course, you can choose a better and more accurate inertial devices, their own error growth will be slower, this is a solution , There are some ways to reduce the error, for example, using a variety of navigation system integrated navigation, such as GNSS and inertial navigation system of integrated navigation, and then through mathematical methods, the two data combination, complement each other their own defects, thus To reduce the error, but in the current design requirements, combined navigation is not suitable, the cost of GPS is still too high, so you can set the navigation under special conditions, this is the inertial navigation system reset, thereby reducing the error, It is mentioned that the error will increase with the accumulation of the running time, then, to reduce the accumulation of time the system can naturally reduce the system drift.
This paper describes the inertial navigation, inertial navigation system classification, and how to reduce the inertial navigation system drift program. In accordance with the actual design needs, we choose the strapdown inertial navigation system. The reason is that SINS is compared with the platform inertial navigation system, SINS is more compact, flexible, low quality, easy to operate, maintain, through the virtual mathematical platform to simulate the platform inertial navigation system of the actual existence of the navigation platform, The amount of computing is relatively large, but now the development of IT technology is perfect, the lower the cost of processing data. Then, with respect to the attitude matrix of the INS, the quaternion method is used to refresh the correction, and the quaternion is simpler than other mathematical methods. Compared to traditional inertial devices, MEMS inertial measurement units are now able to meet the needs of the design, and compared to mechanical or optical sensors, MEMS inertial measurement unit smaller size, lighter quality, faster start-up rate, Easy to maintain.
Key words: inertial navigation; strapdown inertial navigation; MEMS inertial measurement unit; quaternion
目 录
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 研究目的及意义 1
1.2 惯性导航的背景及现状 1
1.3 MEMS惯性导航的研究现状 2
1.4 主要研究内容 3
第二章 惯性导航系统 4
2.1 惯性导航系统的分类 4
2.1.1 平台式惯性导航系统 4
2.1.2 捷联式惯性导航系统 5
2.2 坐标系的种类 6
2.3 SINS的基本原理 6
2.4 陀螺仪 7
2.4.1 机械 7
2.4.2 光纤 8
2.4.3 MEMS陀螺仪 9
2.4.4 MEMS陀螺误差特性 10
2.4.4.1 恒定偏差 10
2.4.4.2 温度影响 10
2.4.4.3 校准误差 10
2.5 加速度计 10
2.5.1 机械 10
2.5.2 固态 10
2.5.3 MEMS加速度计 11
2.5.4 MEMS加速度计误差特性 11
2.5.4.1 恒定偏差 11
2.5.4.3 温度影响 11
2.5.4.4 校准错误 11
2.6 加速度计和陀螺仪的选择与设计 12
2.7 信息传递 14
2.8 总结 16
第三章 捷联惯导算法 17
3.1 坐标的变换 17
3.2 四元数 19
3.3 四元数Q的修正 19
3.4 四元数的初值确定 20
3.5 规范化处理 20
3.6 姿态角计算 21
3.7 速度与位置 21
3.7.1 速度 21
3.7.2 位置 22
3.8 总结 22
第四章 减少惯性导航系统中的漂移 24
4.1 传感器融合 24
4.1.1 绝对定位系统的融合 24
4.1.2 与磁力传感器的融合 24
4.2 特殊的应用 25
4.3 总结 25
第五章 总结和展望 26
5.1 总结 26
5.2 未来的展望 26
参考文献 27
致 谢 28
第一章 绪论
1.1 研究目的及意义
近几年来,随着计算机产业和微电子产业的发展,诞生了许多新兴技术,将这些技术运用于汽车之上,可以得到许多惊人的发明。无人驾驶电动汽车就随着电子产业的发展而诞生的新兴项目,国外许多公司早已开始对无人驾驶进行了研究,例如Google汽车现在已经准备在城市实际道路进行载人测试,向普通民众提出自动驾驶汽车的免费试乘计划。
导航是无人驾驶中非常关键的一部分,本次采用的是惯性导航系统,又称惯性导航系统,不像GPS那样,是一种不依赖于外部的信息,能够直接利用加速度计和陀螺仪的数据获得导航信息的自主式导航系统。相对GPS,惯性导航系统的优点是它不受外界电磁波的 影响,其工作环境不单可以在空中、地面,还能够在地下、水下,全天候、全时间运行[1]。
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