城市雨水径流污染生态削减技术及工程应用研究综述
摘 要 城市不透水路面面积大幅增加，带来一系列水环境问题。针对雨水径流污染物中氮磷的处理，构建由生态沟渠和人工湿地构成的组合系统。为了强化系统削减雨水径流污染负荷，本文选择废砖、火山岩、蛭石、沸石、陶粒、煤渣、粉煤灰、椰糠8种滤料，进行氮磷静态吸附试验研究滤料的吸附性能。选择吸附性能较好的滤料与传统填料不同配比进行组合，得到6种组合填料，进行小试试验，探究其下渗能力、持水能力和对氮磷的吸附能力，通过模糊数学法选出效能最佳的组合填料，应用于组合系统，研究系统对雨水径流中总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH4 -N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）和总氮（TN）的去除效果。基于长期运行参数，建立可靠的设计参数并进行工程应用设计。研究成果可为实际城市雨水径流污染削减与利用提供理论和工程应用参数支持。
关键词 雨水径流；滤料；填料配置；组合系统；工程应用参数
Review on Ecological reduction technology and engineering application of urban rainwater runoff pollution
Abstract：The area of urban impervious pavement has increased greatly, which brings a series of water environment problems. Aiming at the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff, a combined system composed of ecological ditch and constructed wetland was constructed. In order to strengthen the system to reduce rainwater runoff pollution load, eight kinds of filter materials, including waste brick, volcanic rock, vermiculite, zeolite, ceramsite, cinder, fly ash and coconut bran, were selected to carry out the static adsorption test of nitrogen and phosphorus to study the adsorption performance of filter materials. According to the experimental results, the filter materials with better adsorption performance were selected and combined with traditional fillers in different proportions, and six combinations were obtained. A small-scale test was carried out to explore the infiltration capacity, water holding capacity and adsorption capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants of the combined filler. The best combined filler was selected by fuzzy mathematics method and applied to the combined system to study the removal effect of the system on the total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 -N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and total nitrogen (TN) in rainwater runoff. Based on long-term operation parameters, reliable design parameters are established and applied in engineering design. The research results can provide theoretical and engineering application parameters support for the actual urban rainwater runoff pollution reduction and utilization.
Keywords: rainwater runoff; filter material; packing configuration; composite system; engineering application parameters
1研究背景及意义
随着我国城市的发展，由于城市建设中的开发不合理、城市下垫面不透水比例增加等，减少雨水入渗，增加雨水径流，缩小汇流时间，致使城市内涝，且雨水径流会携带大量积聚在不透水路面表面的固体悬浮物、氮、磷等营养物质、重金属等有害物质到水体中，导致严重的水体污染，带来一系列环境问题。水体中氮、磷等物质增多，藻类因水体营养物质含量过多迅速生长繁殖，水体的溶解氧浓度下降，生物因缺氧大量死亡，且死亡的藻类分解时产生污染物，甚至具有毒性，造成水质变差。重金属不容易被生物降解去除，在生态系统的生物放大作用下大量富集，进入到人体内与蛋白质、酶等反应使其失活，也可能会在人体内积累，引发慢性中毒。
近年来，随着国家对非点源污染问题的高度重视，其污染控制技术日趋成熟，并已逐步启动了非点源污染治理及雨水资源化再利用的试点项目。为了促进海绵城市建设与推广，国务院于2015年10月颁布《国务院办公厅关于推进海绵城市建设的指导意见》，充分利用建筑、道路和下沉式绿地、人工湿地等绿地设施以及水系等，实现对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓释，减轻城市发展对环境造成的不良影响。绿地设施被广泛应用于我国海绵城市建设中。研究改良填料强化生态沟渠、人工湿地组合系统对雨水径流污染的削减作用，可为生态沟渠、人工湿地等设施填料配置、实际工程应用参数设计提供直接指导，对海绵城市建设有现实意义。
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