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Literature review1. Application of Frame Structure in Construction Engineering1.1 The current development status of the framework structureFrame structures are the most common type of modern building internationally. It has the characteristics of large space and flexible space layout. Frame structures include reinforced concrete frames and steel frames, and reinforced concrete frames are more commonly used in educational buildings. [1] With the rapid development of the construction industry, China's concrete industry has synchronized with the world's concrete technology progress. Worlds large amount of concrete is produced in China. From dry concrete to highly fluid concrete to concrete building blocks. The development of high-strength concrete, concrete admixtures, various types of concrete with better performance, and the development of green concrete have bright prospects for the concrete industry. The various advantages of concrete have been fully reflected. [2] The frame structure is composed of beam and column members connected by nodes. According to the different construction methods, the frame structure can be divided into three types: cast-in-place, assembled and assembled integral. In the seismic area, the beam, column and slab cast-in-situ or beam-column cast-in-place and slab pre-casting schemes are often used; in non-seismic regions, sometimes the beam, column, and slab pre-casting schemes can be used. The connection method of the frame structure is generally hinged or rigid. The beam and column are connected to bear external and internal forces, such as horizontal load, vertical load, and seismic load. [3] The frame structure has the advantage of high rigidity and can withstand large external forces. In addition, the frame structure also has the advantages of good integrity and strong spatial separation, which is why it is currently popular. The continuous innovation of modern science and technology has gradually solved various problems of concrete frame structures. The advantages and characteristics of the frame structure have provided support and guarantee for it in actual construction projects, and are conveniently used in practical life. [4]1.2 Factors and scope of selection of framework structure system(1) Consider the requirements of building functions. (2) Consider factors such as building height and aspect ratio, seismic fortification category, seismic fortification intensity, and site conditions.(3) The frame structure system is an optional structure system between the masonry structure and the frame-shear wall structure. The design of the frame structure should conform to the principles of safety and application, advanced technology, economical rationality, and ease of construction (structural design principles).(4) Non-seismic design for multi-story and high-rise buildings. In seismic design, multi-story and small high-rise buildings are generally used for frame structures (below 7 degrees).(5) Due to the poor lateral stiffness of the frame structure, it is not appropriate to design a high frame structure in the seismic area. In the 7 (0.15g) fortification zone, for general civil buildings, the number of floors should not exceed 7 floors and the total height should not exceed 28 meters. In an 8-degree (0.3g) fortification zone, the number of floors should not exceed 5 and the total height should not exceed 20 meters. When the above data is exceeded, although the calculation indicators meet the requirements of the specification, it is not economical. [5]1.3 Framework design specifications The importance of frame structure design to building quality is self-evident. It is necessary to start from the design concept and design technology to strictly control the parameters such as the inter-layer displacement angle, axial compression ratio, and period ratio of the frame structure, so as to keep the structure parameters safe Within the controllable range to ensure the safety and reliability of the building. For data that does not meet national standards, the designer should make reasonable and effective adjustments through professional knowledge and engineering experience to keep it within the range allowed by the code, making the building not only practical, but also energy-saving and environmentally-friendly. [4]2. Design calculation method for RC frame structure2.1 Damage control Seismic Design of Moment-resisting RC Frame buildingsThe structure is initially designed by the conventional strength-based method. Then, the two performance indexes, the inter-story drift ratio and the global damage index, are checked against the limits that correspond to the performance objectives. The inter-story drift alone is evaluated by the capacity spectrum method. The global damage index is evaluated indirectly by means of CDYSS, which builds the relationship between the yield strength and the damage index. The procedure for damage-control seismic design of RC frame buildings is as follows: [6](1) Perform preliminary design and determine seismic performance objectives After the preliminary design is completed, the basic configuration and structural layout are selected, the initial parameters are input, and the seismic performance objectives are determined considering many combined factors. [6](2) Design structural components for required strength under frequent earthquakes by the current conventional strength-based method.(3) Transform a MDOF system into an equivalent SDOF system The dynamic characteristics of the structure, such as the natural vibration periods and modes, are obtained, and then the original multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system is transformed into an equivalent SDOF system by using normal equivalent principles.(4) Perform pushover analysis. The base shear versus top displacement relationship curve is obtained, and then the yield strength and the ultimate displacement ductility factor under monotonic loading are derived. [6](5) Check the inter-story drift. The inter-story drift responses at the performance points are checked against the limit values that correspond with the selected performance objectives. The steel reinforcement should be adjusted if the requirement could not be met. Then, the process should be repeated from Step 4. The iteration should be complete until the limit is satisfied. [6](6) If inter-story drift ratio at the performance point meets the performance requirement, determine the required strength of the structure (Ductility ability and CDYSS). [6](7) If the strength meets the performance requirement, conduct construction detail design. [6]2.2 RC frame design based on displacement-based seismic optimization design method (analysis of structural performance level and displacement control index) The basic idea of displacement-based seismic design method is to design the structure and components with the displacement response of the structure as the target under a certain level of earthquake, so that the structure meets the ductility requirements under this level of earthquake. This method is an important way to realize the performance-based seismic design idea, and it is also a widely used performance-based design method. The displacement-based seismic design methods mainly include the following three methods: ductility coefficient design method, capacity spectrum method, and direct displacement-based design method. The ductility coefficient design method is to establish the relationship between the displacement ductility coefficient or section curvature ductility coefficient of the component and the ultimate compressive strain of the concrete in the plastic hinge zone. The restraint stirrups are used to ensure that the core concrete can reach the required ultimate compressive strain, so that the component has the required Ductility coefficient. The capacity spectrum method is to evaluate the seismic performance of a structure through the relationship between the structure's capacity spectrum curve and the seismic demand spectrum curve. The direct displacement-based seismic design method is to calculate the seismic action of the structure based on the expected displacement to make the structure meet the expected displacement. [7]2.3 RC frame structure seismic design method based on energy method (numerical simulation method) The ground motion includes three characteristics: intensity, frequency spectrum and duration. Only the displacement index is used to analyze the seismic performance of the structure, and the cumulative damage effect caused by the duration characteristics of the earthquake on the structure cannot be considered. Therefore, it is not comprehensive enough to describe the seismic performance and failure characteristics of the elastoplastic phase of a structure by displacement indicators alone. From the perspective of energy balance, energy-based seismic design integrates two important structural design parameters, namely force and displacement, and analyzes the input, conversion, and dissipation of energy under the action of earthquakes, so as to control the transformation path of energy and fully reflect the earthquake action. Impact on structure. The basic idea of the energy-based seismic design method is to check whether the structure or component satisfies the principle of energy and demand balance: seismic input energy ≤ structure energy consumption capacity. Therefore, calculating the seismic energy input and energy consumption capacity of different types of structures or components is a premise based on the implementation of energy seismic design methods. Based on this, in addition to the research on the method itself, the main research work is currently focused on two aspects: energy demand analysis and energy capability analysis. [8]3. Frame structure layout Reinforced concrete frame structure is actually a connected frame of members which are firmly connected to each other. These connections are called moment connections. There are also other types of connections which include the hinged connections that are mostly used in steel structures, but the concrete frame structures have moment connections in almost all of the cases. [9]3.1 Major parts of frame structure Slabs: the plate elements and carry the loads primarily by flexure. They usually carry the vertical loads. Under the action of horizontal loads, due to a large moment of inertia, they can carry quite large wind and earthquake forces, then transfer them to the beam. [10]Beams: carry loads from slabs and also direct loads as masonry walls and their self-weights. They can be supported on the other beams or can be supported by columns forming an integral part of the frame. These are primarily the flexural members. [10]Columns: vertical members carrying loads from the beams and from upper columns. The loads carried may be axial or eccentric. Columns are the most important compared with beams and slabs. Because, if one beam fails, it will be a local failure of one floor but if one column fails, it can lead to the collapse of the whole structure. [10]Foundation: are load transmitting members. The loads from the columns and walls are transmitted to the solid ground through the foundations. [11]Shear walls: actually very large columns because of which they appear like walls rather than columns. They carry horizontal loads like wind and earthquake loads. They also carry the vertical loads. [10]Elevator shafts: vertical concrete boxes in which the elevators are provided to move up and down. The elevator is contained in its own concrete box. These shafts act as very good structural elements which help in resisting horizontal loads and also carry vertical loads. [12]3.2 Rigid structural frames and Braced structural framesRigid structural frames are built at the site which may or may not be poured monolithically. They provide more stability and resist rotations effectively. The advantage of this frame is they feature positive and negative bending moments throughout the structure due to interaction of walls, beams and slabs. [13]Braced structural frames resist lateral forces by the bracing action of diagonal members. They are used to resist the side-way forces. Buildings are braced by inserting diagonal structural members into the rectangular areas of a structural frame. [13]3.3 Setting scheme of deformation jointIn the overall layout of the frame structure, considering the adverse effects of settlement, temperature changes and complex body shape on the structure, the structure can be divided into several independent parts by settlement joints, expansion joints and seismic joints. After the frame structure has been set, it will bring certain difficulties to the design and construction of the building, structure and equipment, and the foundation waterproofing will not be easy to handle. Therefore, the current general trend is to avoid setting the seam and adopt corresponding arrangements from the overall layout or structure. Measures to reduce the adverse effects of settlement, complex temperature changes or complex body shape. When joints must be set, the frame structure should be divided into independent structural units. [14]4. Application of PKPM in the design of frame structure In the process of architectural engineering design, the application of the PKPM frame structure design method is becoming more and more common. The planar layout adopting the PKPM frame structure design is flexible and can be applied to large space factories, shopping malls, residences, etc., to meet the architectural layout needs of various functions. The design of the building frame structure is mainly divided into four stages, which are structural layout, structural calculation analysis, component design, and construction drawing. The PKPM software is mainly used in the structural calculation analysis and component design phases. [15] [16]References[1] J. Heyman., "Beams and Framed Structures 2nd Edition,". [2] GB50352-2005. Civil building design general principles. [3] GB 50011-2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. [4] E. X. Xiuli., Design of concrete frame structure, China Construction Industry Press, 2008.. [5] 11G329-1. Detailed seismic design of buildings (multistory and high-rise reinforced concrete houses). [6] B. F. 1 (April 1. 2008) (April 1, 2008), ISBN-10: 7508366379, ISBN-13: 978-7508366371.". [22] P. C. M. C. K. J. M. P. C. M. F. Kim S. Elliott BTech, "Multi‐storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, 21 October 2013.". [23] Ray Hulse Jack Cain, Structural Mechanics 2nd edition.. [24] Rob Thallon, Graphic Guide to Frame Construction: Fourth Edition, Revised and Updated.. [25] GB 50009-2012. Building Structure Load Specification. [26] GB 50010-2010. Code for design of concrete structures. [27] GB 50003-2011. Code for design of masonry structures. [28] GB 50016-2014. Code for fire protection of building design. [29] GB / T 50104-2010. Architectural drawing standards. [30] GB / T 50001-2010. Unified standard for building drawing. [31] GB / T 50105-2010. Building structure drafting standards. [32] 16G101-2. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete slab stairs). [33] 16G101-3. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and detailed structural drawings (independent foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation and pile foundation cap).
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