毕业论文课题相关文献综述
Literature review Background In 19th century after the invention of Portland cement, concrete becomes very popular however the use concrete on the construction was not very wide due to the limit of tension strength. In late 19 th century engineer pioneers was developed and embed with the steel rebars form a composite to overcome weakness of plain concrete and called that reinforce concrete. Where the concrete has not had very long history compared to others structures such as wooden structures, masonry structures but the development of this material has rose very rapidly in just hundred and half years, and almost most of the infrastructure projects use concrete structures, with various types of its performance are under developing. [1]Annual global consumption of concrete is increasing very rapidly because most of the prime materials or ingredients for concrete are available around the world. In the summary the development of concrete structures can be roughly divided into three stages: The first stage was from the invention of reinforced concrete to the beginning of the 20th century. The steel and concrete used were relatively low in strength, and were mainly used to build small and medium-sized floors, beams, columns, arches, and Foundation etc. [2] The second stage is from the 1920s to before and after the Second World War. In calculation theory, the famous Soviet Union concrete structure expert Gvoztev put forward a damage stage design method that takes into account the plastic forming properties. The third stage is now after World War II. With the acceleration of urbanization, industrialized concrete structures such as prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and pumped commercial concrete have appeared. [3]The technology improvement also key player on concrete development where allow engineers to improve plain concrete with low strength to high strength concrete and steel rebars and with the help of advanced construction equipment large numbers of large-scale structures high- rise building, long tunnel, and long span bridges are constructedand the emergence of new concrete materials and new structures forms has proposed new and further development of concrete structures. [4] 1.Design and calculation method of RC frame Reinforce concrete frames are consist of the beam, columns and slabs where column and beam are mostly connected with rigid joint, and cast monolithically where these two members are cast in single operation in order to act simultaneously.It is well recognized that construction works are complicated technical systems that suffer from a number of significant uncertainties at all stages of execution and use. [5] Some uncertainties can never be eliminated absolutely and must therefore be taken into account when designing or verifying construction works. Depending on the nature of the structure, environmental conditions and applied actions some types of uncertainties may become critical, such as natural randomness of action, statistical uncertainties and lack of knowledge of the behaviors of the new materials in real conditions, in other words natural randomness and statistical uncertainties may be relatively well described by available method of the theory of probability and mathematical statics, and lack of the knowledge which is nevertheless often the decisive cause of structural failure .Therefore Chinese concrete design code also amplify durability of probability limit state design method and structural reliability. The key problem is to choose a mathematical model and suitable design parameters to describe the durability degradation process. According to the carbonization depth model combining theory and experience, the thickness of the concrete protective layer and the compressive strength of the concrete cube are selected as the durability design parameters. A durability probability limit state design method based on the carbonization life criterion is established, and the carbonization life durability is given. The durability problems of concrete structures originate from the environmental actions of aggressive agents; they can cause premature material deterioration, impair structural service performance and in extreme cases, induce the structural failure.The common durability phenomenahavebeenrelativelywelldefined,includingsteelcorrosionbyconcretecover carbonation, steel corrosion by chloride penetration, concrete damage by freeze-thaw cycles in cold climates, concrete scaling by salt crystallization in dry climates, long-term leaching of concretesolidphasebysoftwateraswellaschemicalattackofconcretebyacidrainor aggressiveionsingroundwaterandsoil. [6] 2. Load calculation, snow load, wind load, seismic load and load combination. Generally, loads are divided into two main part; dead and live load where the weight of the member itself are called dead load and there are several live loads such as snow, seismic and wind load which is called standard load and there is called standard values of load effect where internal force and displacement caused by those standard loads. More important the Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define the nature and magnitude of hazards or external forces that a building must resist to provide reasonable performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the structures useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a buildings intended use (occupancy and function), configuration (size and shape), and location (climate and site conditions. [7] Where in building structure load code GB50009-2012 where stated about effect direct effect (combination of loads) and indirect effect (concrete shrinkage, temperature fluctuation or effects caused by earthquake). [8]Wind load in China for building and bridge are different, according to GB50009-2001 wind load normally acted on the surface of building which define wind force over unit area where in the bridges are wind force over unit length.Combination value each load should be multiply by the partial coefficient and combination coefficient where partial coefficient is aim to increase the standard value, similarly the combination coefficient is a factor that considers that the probability of some loads acting simultaneously is small. 3. Bottom shear method When the multi-degree-of-freedom system solves the seismic response of a structure according to the mode decomposition method, it is necessary to calculate each natural frequency and mode of the structure, which is more complicated to calculate. In order to simplify the calculation, the bottom shear force method can be used for structures with a height of no more than 40m, mainly shear deformation, and a uniform distribution of mass and stiffness along the height, as well as structures similar to a single particle system. This method first calculates the total horizontal earthquake action acting on the structure, that is, the shear force acting on the bottom of the structure and then redistributes this total horizontal earthquake action to each particle in accordance with a certain law.[9]The bottom shear method is suitable for structures with a uniform distribution of mass and stiffness along the height. When the building has a small building protruding from the roof, such as a roof, a daughter's wall, and a chimney, etc., due to the sudden decrease in mass and stiffness of the part, a whip-end effect will occur during an earthquake, making the small building with a protruding roof particularly strong in seismic response Its degree depends on the mass ratio and stiffness ratio of the protrusions to the building and the site conditions. [4] 4. Design of stairsIn RC frame buildings, the primary structural system to resist lateral load are beams and columns. Besides, primary structural system, some elements also contribute to lateral load resistance. These elements fall in the category of secondary systems. Secondary system can be structural secondary like staircase, structural partition, and non-structural secondary like storage tanks. Therefore, parts of buildings with staircases have an increased stiffness with respect to the rest of the building, because of the presence of shear walls supporting the staircases. It should be noted that in the areas of the buildings with staircases the elevators pits also exist, whose reinforced concrete shear walls contribute to the stiffness of the structure. [10] In general, the presence of a stair creates a discontinuity in a reinforced concrete frame made of beams and columns. From geometrical point of view, a stair is composed by inclined elements (beams and slabs) and by short (squat) columns. These elements contribute to increase the stiffness of the building. For these reasons the elements that constitute the stair are often characterized by a high seismic demand. [11]Therefore, stair design should carry out very carefully by established reasonable type and arrangement of reinforcement concrete stairs, and determine the live and constant load of reinforced concrete stairs according to use and function of the building for instance for library should carry out according to JGJ38-2015 library standard vision of architecture. Because stair case are constitute very important part of the structures both architecturally and aesthetically as well as structurally as mentioned. [12]For the frame structure, the layout of the stairwell should not cause the structure plane to be particularly irregular; when the staircase component and the main structure are poured, the impact of the staircase component on the earthquake action and its effects should be taken into account, and the seismic load capacity of the staircase component should be checked and calculated; Structural measures should be taken to reduce the impact of stair components on the main structure.(1)It has been observed that the presence of staircase tremendously influences the peak value of response quantities of beams and columns around staircase.[13]The landing beams and columns adjacent to staircase have been found to fail due to excessive demand imposed owing to the presence of staircase. (2)Incorporating only weight of staircase and not stair element in computer model shall lead to under design as the Codal design is inadequate to cater the additional demand imposed due to presence of staircase on landing beams and columns adjacent to staircase.(3)With incorporation of stair model, columns touching landing beam have been found to be subjected to an increase in axial force by an average of 19%. The lateral moment in such columns increased on average by 32%.Shear force in landing beam increased by 36% on average. The torsional moment in landing beam increased enormously. (4)The inter-storey drift ratio has been found to reduce by 33% in short direction and 23% in long direction on average on incorporation of stair model.(5)Dynamically analyzed time period got reduced by about 22.31% on incorporation of stair model.(6)Non-incorporation of stair element in computer model may lead to failure of staircase under major earthquakes. 5. Computer modeling and analysis In this design PKPM will be used for calculation and design where adopting the PKPM frame structure design is flexible and can be applied to large space factories, shopping malls, residences, etc., to meet the architectural layout needs of various functions.as the design of the building frame structure is mainly divided into four stages, which are structural layout, structural calculation analysis, component design, and construction drawing. And the PKPM software is mainly used in the structural calculation analysis and component design phases. [14] Where PKPM had some powerful parameter structural system, structural material, structural impotence coefficient, maximum bottombulk density, and also wind load information. Beside these software ETABS will also use to for design in compassion of PKPM. Furthermore, modeling will be use Revit in interpolation with Tekla structures for members section even data through statistical data in 2015 in China that revit was focus only on commercial building, culture building, educational building and other public buildings where the revit application value mostly on field of general layout, landscape ,structures and MEP and also investment estimation. [15] Revit has multiple tools for defining and editing the analytical model, or the model can be exported to various analysis software that are interoperable with Revit including Robot Structural Analysis Professional, Tekla structures, and ETABS to perform structural analysis. The results can then be imported into Revit and reviewed to understand the impact of various design changes. From this analysis we can found BIM Revit combined with ETABS analysis will provide structural detail analysis results, which will be helpful for the accuracy of structural analysis. [16] So, the designer can get the real behavior from Revit reinforce detail layout to avoid the gape from tradition simplified numerical model.References[1] D. D. ,. C. W. Arthur H. Nilson, DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES, McGraw-Hill Companies, , 2003. [2] E. b. C. G. a. F. Liangben., Basic Engineering [M]., Beijing: : China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, , 2002.. [3] T. R．Park, Reinforced Concrete Structures．, New York,: John Wiley ＆ Son．, 1975．. [4] E. b. X. Xiuli., Design of concrete frame structure . second edition., Beijing: China: Construction Industry Press., 2016.. [5] X. Le J-L, B. Probabilistic analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures against progressive collapse;, B. Probabilistic analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures against progressive collapse;, p. 76:31323., 2014. [6] A. R. J. a. Y. Y. Grider, Structural Concrete Design ．, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,, 1999．. [7] GB 50011-2010 Code for design of concrete structures, 2010 . [8] GB 50011-2010 Code for seismic design of Building., 2010. [9] J. G. M. James K. Wight, Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. 5th Edition., Prentice Hall., 2008．. [10] G. W. Chengtu:, The influence of short column in staircases, The influence of short column in staircases on the seismic performance of frame structure., Southwest Jiaotong University. 2008.. [11] C. Wanlin, Experimental Study on Story Stiffness and Its Degeneration of Staircase Frame Structure with Special Shape Columns,, Journal of Building Structures., 1998. [12] JGJ38-2015 Architectural design of library standard. [13] Compilation group of "Manual on Static Calculation of Building Structures". Manual for Static Calculation of Building Structures [M]. second edition., Beijing: China: Construction Industry Press., 1998.. [14] e. i. c. o. L. J. Wang Xiaohong, CAD-PKPM software application of building structure., Beijing: China: Construction Industry Press, 2005.. [15] Z. Jiayue, Research on BIM Application Analysis and Adaptive Strategies of Architectural Design, D.Dalian University of Technology. [16] Q. A. Dai Hongjun, Analysis of performance of reinforced concrete frame structure with staircase based on ETABS, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration., (2009). [17] Q. Su, Advanced Materials Research,, Finite Element Analysis of Staircase under Earthquake Action, pp. 163-167, (2011). [18] J. B. T. a. C. W. Richard Liew, Multistory Frame Structures．, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,．, 1999. [19] R. K. Renitha T V, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)., International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT). , vol. 5. [20] S. Pusheng, Examples of structural design for high-rise buildings., Beijing: China : Construction Industry Press., 2005.. [21] C. G. a. others., Principles of seismic design of engineering structures., Beijing: China: Water Resources and Hydropower Press., 2002.. [22] G. Y. Lv Xiao, application of BIM technique in residential architectural design programs, J.Journal of Information Technology in Civil Engineering and Architecture. [23] e. o. B. S. Long Yuqiu, Structural mechanics course, Beijing:: . Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2003., 2003. [24] e. o. B. S. Long Yuqiu, Structural mechanics course., Beijing:: Higher Education Press,, 2003.. [25] e. o. S. Q. Liang Xingwen, Guidance for graduation design of civil engineering specialty., Beijing: Science Press., 2005.. [26] Q. Hu, seismic, The seismic analysis and seismic design of stairs., .2005.6. [27] E. b. Z. Guoxing, Guide to graduation design of housing structure., Beijing: China : Construction Industry Press., 2004.. [28] Foad Kiakojouri, Progressive collapse of framed building structures, Current knowledge and future prospects. [29] C. E. C. Z. Chen Baosheng, Architectural decoration data set (upper, lower), Beijing: : China Construction Industry Press., 1995.. [30] E. b. A. D. D. C. E. Board., Architectural design data collection. second edition., Beijing: China Construction Industry Press,, 1997.. [31] E. b. A. D. D. C. E. Board., Architectural design data collection second edition., Beijing: China : Construction Industry Press,, 1996.. [32] A. B．S．Smith, Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design．, 1991．. [33] A. F. M. Aga A, , Open Journal of Civil Engineering, Design Optimization of ReinforcedConcrete Frames, pp. 74-83 ,, 2015. [34] GB50352-2005. Civil building design general principles, 2005.. [35] GB50003-2011.Code for design of masonry structures, 2011. [36] GB 50016-2014. Code for fire protection of building design, china , 2014. [37] GB / T 50104-2010. Architectural drawing standards, China , 2010.. [38] Edited by the Editorial Committee of Building Structures and Materials. , Building Structures and Materials, Architectural data set (upper and lower) . second edition., Beijing: China : Construction Industry Press,, 2009..
以上是毕业论文文献综述，课题毕业论文、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。
