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It is defined as a composite material in which concretes relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. [1]Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural applications. In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable spans.[2]1.1 History of the discovery of reinforced concreteConcrete has been part of society for thousands of years. The first known use of a concrete-like material was in 7 000 BCE in what is now Southern Israel, where a concrete floor was cast using quicklime as cement mixed with water and stone (Domone Illston, 2006). Concrete has progressed from an elementary construction material to a modern material used in almost every structure. A prime example is the Burj Khalifa, at 830 metres the tallest building in the world, with concrete as its main structural material. Even today, concrete is more often than not the construction material of choice.[5]In Europe, Joseph Monier, the owner of an important nursery in Paris, generally deserves the credit for making the first practical use of reinforced concrete in 1849 to 1867. He acquired first French patent in 1867 for iron reinforced concrete tubs, then followed by his pipes, tanks in 1868, flat plates in 1869, bridges in 1873, stairways in 1875. He apparently had no quantitative knowledge regarding its behavior or any method of making design calculations.[3]However, Many researchers believe that the first use of a truly cementitious binding agent (as opposed to the ordinary lime commonly used in ancient mortars) occurred in southern Italy in about the second century B.C. A Special type of volcanic sand called pozzuolana, first found near Pozzuoli in the bay of Naples, was used extensively by the Romans in their cement. It is certain that to build the Porticus Aemelia, a large warehouse constructed in 193 B.C., pozzuolana was used to bind stones together to make "concrete." This unusual sand reacts chemically with lime and water to solidify into a rocklike mass, even when fully submerged. The Romans used it for bridges, docks, storm drains, and aqueducts as well as for buildings.[6]In the United States, the pioneering were made by Thaddeus Hyatt, who conducted experiments on reinforced concrete beams in 1850s. However, Hyatts experiments were unknown until 1877 when published his work privately. Ernest L. Ransome was the first to use and patent in 1884 the deformed (twisted) bar. In 1890, Ransome built the Leland Stanford Jr. Museum in San Francisco, a reinforced concrete building two stories high and 312ft (95m) long. Since that time, development of reinforced concrete in the United States has been rapid.[3]In Africa, the first attempt at disemminating information on 'ferro-concrete' in South Africa was a paper by H Kestner presented to the South Africa Association for the Advancement of Science in 1906 title ' Theoretical investigations regarding ferro-concrete'..JS DONALDSON designed the first concrete building in Johannesburg, for Messrs Lensfeldt Co, Lensfeldt Building, according to information in of May 13, 1937 recorded by his widow Lillian Donaldson in his RIBA Biographical file in London, titled 'A Rand Pioneer'.[4]. Around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to form bricks. They also used gypsum and lime mortars in building the pyramids. The Great Pyramid at Giza required about 500,000 tons of mortar, which was used as a bedding material for the casing stones that formed the visible surface of the finished pyramid.[7].In Asia, The first concrete-like structures were built by the Nabataea traders or Bedouins who occupied and controlled a series of oases and developed a small empire in the regions of southern Syria and northern Jordan in around 6500 BC. They later discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime -- that is, cement that hardens underwater -- and by 700 BC, they were building kilns to supply mortar for the construction of rubble-wall houses, concrete floors, and underground waterproof cisterns. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert.[7]Around the 3000BC, the northern Chinese used a form of cement in boat-building and in building the Great Wall. Spectrometer testing has confirmed that a key ingredient in the mortar used in the Great Wall and other ancient Chinese structures was glutenous, sticky rice. Some of these structures have withstood the test of time and have resisted even modern efforts at demolition.[7]
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