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1. Features and advantages of frame structure:1.1 The current development status of the framework structureFrame means giving shape and support to a structure by bringing together components in a building. Hence, a framed structure is one that contains a set of beam, column, and slab to resist gravity and other lateral loads. These structures are generally used to cope with large forces, and the moments develop due to the applied loading. Frames are generally used in construction and consist of beams and columns that are either fixed or attached firmly, such as trusses. Frame structure two or three dimensions. Frames can be any materials such as RC Frame, steel, wood etc. In the case of a framed structure, the loads of floors, roofs, and panel walls are supported by beam that ultimately transfer these loads to the columns. In a framed structure, the load path is from slab to beam, from beam to column and from column to base to the ground. In this structure, the vertical members, columns, carry the entire load of the building, so its the most important part of this type of construction.[1]Beam and Column are the main components of frame structure that rigid joints. The horizontal elements of the structure, we called Beam and The Vertical components we called Column. Different types of frame structures are available that have been used in building construction, but mostly used in frame structure are: Rigid Frame System, Braced Frame System. Rigid frame system, which is also termed as moment frame systems, consists of linear element like beams and columns. The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. It is used in steel and reinforced concrete buildings. Rigid frames are characterized by the lack of pinned joints within the frame, and typically statically indeterminate. Braced frames are composed of beams and columns that are pin connected with bracing to resist lateral loads. This type of frame simple to analyze and simple to construct. The resistance to lateral forces in obtained through both horizontal and vertical bracing. [2,3,4]The frame structure is widely use because of its Ability to resist high-stress environments, as those caused by wind, earthquakes and vibrations. Besides Low maintenance costs and requires less labor, its highly beneficial for structure.2. Design Method for Reinforced Concrete Frames: 2.1 Seismic Design of Moment-resisting RC Frame buildings The performance of building reinforced concrete frame structure deteriorates gradually with time or earthquake damage. First, the constitutive relation of the material deterioration, the corrosion rate-based constitutive relation of reinforcement, and the slip constitutive relation considering the corrosion of the reinforced concrete are introduced. Then, it is embedded in the seismic capacity model of reinforced concrete frame structure, and a dynamic evaluation model for seismic performance is established. [3](1) Use buildings that cannot interrupt or store large quantities of dangerous or toxic substances during or after an earthquake. Once the earthquake has caused the release and alienation of these items (such as toxic gases, explosives, and radioactive materials), it will cause unacceptable harm to the public.[3](2) Structures designed by current seismic codes usually undergo large deformations on severe earthquakes because in these codes the design procedure is based on elastic analysis and the inelastic states are considered indirectly. These problems lead researchers to new design methods that provide a higher level of performance, safety, and economy. To achieve these aims, parameters like lateral force, strength of members, desired yield mechanism and etc., should be considered in designing procedure initially. One of these new methods is Performance-Based Plastic Design (PBPD). Results of numerous inelastic static and dynamic analysis performed by the researchers on the structures designed by this method show a high level of performance. This study aims to investigate the effect of forward directivity as one of the significant characteristics of near-fault records on the inelastic response of EBF structures designed based on PBPD method in the form of changes in the ductility demand () and reduction factor (R). To achieve this goal, two 12- and 18-story Eccentrically Braced Frames were designed by current seismic code and then the same frames were designed by PBPD method. In all frames, changes of these two parameters were investigated, the results show that the calculated values of this parameters are different from Newmarks equations and also from results of records without the forward directivity effect.[4](3) Post-earthquake uses of buildings or densely populated construction sites where functions must be restored in the short term or are critical for post-earthquake operations, such as hospitals, schools, fire stations, police stations, communication centers, emergency control centers, and disaster relief centers. [3](4) Perform preliminary design and determine seismic performance objectives After the preliminary design is completed, the basic configuration and structural layout are selected, the initial parameters are input, and the seismic performance objectives are determined considering many combined factors.[5](5) Design structural components for required strength under frequent earthquakes by the current conventional strength-based method.(6) Check the inter-story drift. The inter-story drift responses at the performance points are checked against the limit values that correspond with the selected performance objectives. The steel reinforcement should be adjusted if the requirement could not be met. Then, the process should be repeated from Step. The iteration should be complete until the limit is satisfied. [5](7) If inter-story drift ratio at the performance point meets the performance requirement, determine the required strength of the structure (Ductility ability). [5](8) If the strength meets the performance requirement, conduct construction detail design. [5]2.2 RC Frame structure based of Energy Method:An energy-based seismic design framework for building structures is proposed with comprehensive understanding of the relationship between energy-based and performance-based seismic design methods. Some fundamental aspects are especially concerned, including spectral input energy EI , cumulated hysteresis energy ratio EH /EI of both SDOF and MDOF systems, system capacity design philosophy of controlling the distribution of hysteresis energy E H in MDOF systems, methods of determining EH distribution in building structures as well as the limitations of this method. The proposed framework of seismic design is applied to braced-steel frames to show its effectiveness. The scope of future researches for energy-based seismic design is also outlined, including ground motion intensity indices, distribution of hysteresis energy in MDOF systems, energy-based and displacement-based design methods for individual structural components and energy-based seismic design of irregular structures. [6]2.3 RC frame structure Components and Layout: Basically, two types of frames are used for RC framed structure design process. Those are, Rigid structural frames: These frames are built at the site which may or may not be poured monolithically. They provide more stability and resist rotations effectively. The advantage of rigid frame is that they feature positive and negative bending moments throughout the structure due to interaction of walls, beams and slabs.[7]2.4 Braced structural frames: These frames resist lateral forces by the bracing action of diagonal members. These are used to resist the side-way forces. Buildings are braced by inserting diagonal structural members into the rectangular areas of a structural frame. Braced structural frames are more efficient than the rigid structural frame.The components and layout are used for those types of frames are same and those are1. Slabs2. Beams Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building materials. Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount of tensile stress. Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair. The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other building system. Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be economically molded into a nearly limitless range of shapes. The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low. In structures like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete is the most economical construction material. It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection. As reinforced concrete can be molded to any shape required, it is widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection. Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced concrete requires less skilled labor for the erection of the structure.2.8 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth of its compressive strength. The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and curing. All of this affects the final strength. The cost of the forms used for casting RC is relatively higher. For multi-storied building the RCC column section for is larger than steel section as the compressive strength is lower in the case of RCC. Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss.2.9 New Innovation on RC frame structure: The RC concrete frame sector is being pushed to innovate in order to better address current challenges with higher competitiveness and more sustainable solutions. Different research studies have been conducted all over the world in which novel approaches and paths were proposed. It is important to spread information to define new strategies for the future of this industry. Research studies conducted by the authors in the last decade aimed at contributing to the knowledge on concrete as building material, and new types of RC Concrete frame with enhanced properties were developed: lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with very reduced density and high strength, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with ultra-high strength and ultra-high durability, concrete incorporating different types of nanoparticles to enhance its mechanical properties, and low binder concrete (LBC) with reduced cement dosage while exhibiting adequate strength.[11]References[1] Sourabh Dhiman , Nirbhay Thakur, Nitish Kumar Sharma A Review on Behavior of Columns of Steel Framed Structure with Various Steel Sections, 2019[2] Floriana Petrone, Li Shan, and Sashi K. Kunnath Modeling of RC Frame Buildings for Progressive Collapse Analysis, 2016 [3] Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures in the Context of Big Data Du Guangqian , Zheng Meng, and Wang Shijie.[4] Hamed Hamidi and Abbas Rouhi Investigation of Forward Directivity Effect on The Ductility Demand and Reduction Factor of PBPD EFB Frames.[5] B. F. . L. C. Huanjun Jiang, "Damage-control Seismic Design of Momentresisting RC Frame Buildings, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,,"2013.[6]U Bingbing. Research on energy-based seismic performance evaluation method of RC frame structure [D]. 2014., Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology.[7] J.G.M. James K. Wight, Reinforced concrete: Mechanics and Design. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall 2008[8] JGJ 67-2006, Office Building code.[9] Edmond Salliklis, Structures: A Studio approach,[10] E.X.Xiuli, Design of concreate frame structure, China Construction Industry,2008.[11] Experiment study on RC frame retrofitted the structure,2008[12] Alireza Manafpour A damage-controlled force-based seismic design method for RC frames[13]Jacques Heyman Beam and Frame Structure Second Edition [14] Jian Hou1 and Xiaoguang Sun Contribution of RC slabs to progressive collapse resistance of RC frame structures [15] M.K.A. Bhuiyan, Manual For Seismic Design Reinforced Concrete Building Structure First Edition[16] R.P Johnson Composite Structure of Steel and Concrete Beams, Slabs, Columns, and Frames for Building structure Third Edition.[17] Md.S. Bari, T. Das A Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) with Other Building Codes, 2014. [18] Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures in the Context of Big Data Du Guangqian , Zheng Meng, and Wang Shijie.[19] TU Bingbing. Research on energy-based seismic performance evaluation method of RC frame structure [D]. 2014., Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,.[20] Alan Jefferis , David A. Madsen Architectural Drafting and Design Sixth Edition.[21] Arthr H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan Design of Concrete Structures Fifteenth Edition.[22] M. Nadim Hassoun and Athem Al- Manaseer Structural Concrete (Theory and Design) Seventh Edition [23] ACI 318-11 Building Rode requirements for Structure Concrete.[24] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume I, Part-1 Scope Definition.[25] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume -I, Part-2 Administration Enforcement. [26] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume -I Part-3 General Building Requirements, Control and Regulation.[27] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume I, Part-4 Fire Protection.[28] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume -I Part-5 Building Materials.[29] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume III, Part-7 Signs and Out-door Display
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