文献综述
The project, which is a dormitory building of Suqian Middle School, is located in Suqian City, Jiangsu Province. The length and width of the construction site is 48.0 m 13.2 m, with a building area of about 2500 m2 , which is a three-span four storey reinforced concrete frame structure. The safety grade of the building structure is grade two with the design service life is 50 years. While the design grade of the foundation is grade C, and the seismic fortification category of the building is class C The seismic fortification intensity is grade 8 (the basic seismic acceleration is 0.3 g), and the earthquake group is group one. It is recommended to adopt the independent foundation under the column.The design of the building will be based off of a reinforced concrete design.reinforced concrete structures are built upon on a reinforced structural frame, the reinforced concrete frames are comprised of column, beams anda foundation. Reinforced concrete structures function by transferring load from roof or slabs to beams and then from beams to columns then the columns further transfer the loads to the foundations which further transfer the load to the ground supporting the building.Reinforced concrete structures are divided into two main categories:1. Rigid frame structures 2. Braced frame structures Rigid frame structures also known as moment frame structures are made of linear elements such as beams,columns. These structures are designed primarily to resist deformation, they are also typically statically indeterminate. These structures are capable of resisting both vertical and lateral loads through bending in the beams and columns, stiffness in these frames is often provided by rigid connections made between beams and columns. Rigid frames are often further divided into categories which are fixed end rigid frame and pin ended rigid frame structures.Braced frame structures, these structures are made up of beams and columns that are pin connected with bracing mechanisms that are designed to resist lateral loads.the resistance of lateral loads is obtained through both horizontal and vertical bracing, examples of these bracing methods are knee bracing, diagonal bracing, x bracing, k or chevron bracing and finally shear wall bracing. This bracing method provides better efficiency when resisting loads such as earthquake loads and wind loads.Once building frame has been chosen layout of the building must be designed. Once layout has been decided a frame analysis must be carried out to provide a more detailed and in depth understanding of how shear forces and moment forces which will be result from the combination of permanent and imposed loads (also knows as ultimate limit state) and imposed loads(also known as service limit state) acting in various combinations along different spans throughout the frame. In cases where wind loads, seismic loads or snow loadsare also factors to be considered frame analysis will allow us to understand how these factors could affect the overall structure and help in designing more effective safer structure.Reinforced concrete structure frames can be analyzed in various way such as: i)force method, ii)displacement method and iii)approximate method. The method used to analyze the frame depends on the type of frame, the frame configuration in multi story frames and degree of indeterminacy.I) Frame method also referred to as flexibility method or method of consistent deformation method is used to compute the internal forces of indeterminate structures. The frame method is ideal for analyzing statically indeterminate. The force method is dependent on converting a structure into a structurally determinate system and calculating statically redundant forces which are needed in order to restore boundary conditions of the original structural system.II) The displacement method requires writing unknown displacement in terms of load using the load displacement relationship then proceeding to solve the equilibrium equation for these . after determining the displacements, all unknown variables can be determined from the compatibility equations. The displacements method has three further variations: a) slope deflection method, b)moment distribution method c)direct stiffness method III) The approximate method is useful in determining forces and moments in various members throughout the structure and coming up with preliminary designs. After determining preliminary designs, a more detailed analysis can be carried out and then approximate design can be designed from initial approximate method. The approximate method is done based on making realistic assumptions about structural designs, the approximate method uses two different methods to deal with different load cases a)portal method, b) cantilever methodAfter carrying out frame analysis, various models can be produced to indicate different predicted behaviors for the frame under different load cases. From these methods the engineer will decide which load cases to consider for final design. Its from this point that final designs assumptions can be made.After design assumptions have been made and decided upon sectioning for different members can be done. The method of sectioning will vary from slab to beam to column to foundation, once these sections have been finalized and designed them detailed drawings can be produced. Along with the detailed drawings instructions can be provided for members and or connections that will require extra attention and or precision when installing.Reinforced concrete being a material that combines the tensile strength of steel and compressive strength of concrete is a very useful material with many applications, but due to human error and environmental reasons it is not always efficient in bearing loads. Some environmental factors that affect load are as follows: I)cracks, II) seismic forces(earthquakes), III)repeated temperature changes, IV) corrosion.I) cracking, the main contributing factor to cracking in concrete is shrinkage, as concrete hardens and dries it shrinks. The reason for shirking is because excess water that was present in the initial mix is evaporating the evaporation of water coupled with repeated load cases causes cracks to develop. There are two main ways to deal with cracks in civilian structures, addition of steel fiber RC which is a compound that merges the cement matrix this helps strengthen concrete to reduce cracks. The second method is through using concrete to fill the cracks provided they are not big enough to threaten the members structural integrity.II) Seismic forces, these are also referred to as earthquake load and are loads that must be accounted for when an earthquake takes place. These forces have the potential to cause massive damage to a structure and loss of life if the building fails. The following are methods for resisting damage to the building in case of earthquake, a)flexible foundations ,b)damping, c)pendulum, d)shear walls ,e)diaphragm f) moment resistant framesIII) Repeated temperature change, reinforced concrete structures like all other structures are affected by temperature changes throughout the year, during the hot seasons and even daytime concrete and steel expand and during cold season and night concrete contacts. Repeated expansions and contractions can lead to cracking and damage in the concrete as concrete is brittle in nature and not really designed to elongate and contract. Structures are designed with expansion and contraction joints to allow movement and overall good performance of the structure, the joints vary based on requirements but the most common are: a) keyed,b) joints,c)doweled joints and d)DSD shear connectors.in cases where joints cannot be used you may used.IV) corrosion while it may not affect the concrete structure its self can affect the embedded steel reinforcement bars within it, this will negatively affect the steel by causing rusting and overall reduce the tensile capability of the steel bars within it which can cause to steel yielding before it has been loaded to its original design load. This is an issue as the building may not be able to act in an appropriate manner risking the lives of the people occupying it at any time.corrosion of longitudinal embedded reinforcement steel can be greatly reduced by using crack free concrete with low permeability and and sufficient concrete cover to prevent moisture from affecting the reinforcements.in this research we have provided briefly the description of a reinforced concrete structure and have also discussed some of the considerations that must be taken when deciding design schemes for the building as well as provided design steps on the appropriate order for designing of a reinforced concrete structure. Besides this we have taken a brief look into some of the problems faced by reinforced concrete structures and how engineers can possibly design to resist unfavourable situations.References[1] Su J01-2005 Construction Instructions [S]．[2] Su J9503-J04-2005.Roof construction, balcony, stairs, toilet, hand basin.[3] Su J9508. 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