Modernist Characteristics of Ulysses 《尤利西斯》的现代主义特征文献综述

 2021-10-23 21:40:45

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1. Introduction1.1 Research backgroundJames Joyce (1882-1941), the author of Ulysses, is a literary giant universally acknowledged in the 20th century. Also, he is an Irish writer and poet as well as one of the founders of postmodern literature. His masterpieces and the thought of stream of consciousness have a huge influence on the literary circles. James Joyce was born in Dublin, Ireland, on February 2, 1882. His father had a firm belief in nationalism and his mother was a devout Catholic. He settled in Paris and endured many hardships since 1920. In his later years, he suffered from eye disease and nearly lost his sight. The structure of his works is complex while the language is peculiar and original. Ulysses, created in 1992, borrows the framework of the ancient Greek epic Odysseus, and compares Blooms wandering in Dublin for 18 hours a day to Ulysses 10-year wandering on the sea, which makes Ulysses a modern epic. Through three peoples one-day life, the novel expresses their whole history, all spiritual life and inner world incisively and vividly. Influenced by the Irish national independence movement, especially the free thought that appeared in European literature at the end of the 19th century, Joyce started from the anti-tradition, appeared in the vanguards face, persistently pursued the reform and innovation of art and made a lot of refutation to the inherent literary order of the West. Besides, Joyces acceptance and promotion of modern thought not only has a historical process, but also depends on a specific artistic environment. In a sense, Paris, as an important source of western modernism, provides a favorable condition for Joyce to actively participate in the literary innovation movement. In the autumn of 1902, Joyce came to Paris alone to study medicine, but he soon became interested in modernism there. Paris was a place of stars and celebrities. In this city, Joyce not only accepted a large number of modernist thoughts and theories, but also interacted closely with French literati and British and American writers in exile in Paris. He often exchanged ideas with them and discussed the latest theory of literary creation together. Obviously, Paris provides a very favorable environment for Joyce to take off in art. Usually, the greatest influence on a writers creation is often the literary masters of his previous generation. However, the works of Irish dramatists Bernard Shaw and Wilde have a very limited impact on Joyce as a novelist. Ibsen, a Norwegian dramatist, has the greatest impact on Joyces early literary creation. In his later years, Joyce made it clear: I admire Ibsen for two reasons: his moral sense lies not only in publicly expressing his ideals, but also in his arduous struggle for the perfection of art. Joyce highly praised Ibsens consummate skill in describing reality and shaping characters, and regarded him as a typical representative of modern artists who were not compatible with the society, which constituted the basic theme of Ulysses. In addition, Joyce is also influenced to some extent by the latest French literary trend. What is striking is that Joyce was interested in the novels of Du Xiadan, a writer of the last generation who was almost unknown in the French literary world at that time. This unknown French writer first used the inner monologue in the modern sense in the book Les Lauriers sont coups ( means the laurel tree has been cut off in English), and became the originator of the Western stream of consciousness novel. This work has become the first real stream of consciousness novel in the history of world literature. It not only quietly opens the prelude of stream of consciousness novel, but also has certain reference value for Joyces major breakthrough in creative skills in the future. Joyce advocates modernism and pursues artistic innovation. It is obvious that Joyces reform consciousness was born when he experienced the long-term edification of traditional literature and felt its limitations, while his modernist works were born in the situation that traditional realistic literature was in a dilemma and had to be reformed.In the history of Western literature, Ulysses, first published in 1922, has played a significant role. It is one of the most original classic masterpieces of Irish writer James Joyce in the 20th century, which represents the highest achievement of Western stream of consciousness novels in this century. Its great success largely depends on the authors brilliant and varied stream of consciousness skills. His inner monologue, free association, montage, illusion and dream and other techniques fully display the confusion of consciousness, feeling, impression, memory, illusion, dream and countless fleeting and indescribable intuition, inspiration and epiphany in the characters mind. Therefore, Ulysses is known as the greatest English literary work of the 21st century, the best novel and the pioneering work of stream of consciousness novel. The story is very simple, which only describes the activities of Bloom and his wife Molly and Stephen in the city of Hamberlin from 8 am on June 16, 2004 to 2 am on the next day. The novel involves philosophy, history, politics, psychology and so on. It also touches every aspect of Dublin life. In 1967, Ulysses was adapted into a movie by the director Joseph Strick, reaching an unprecedented shock to the world. The stage play Ulysses, directed by Andy Arnold at the Troon theatre in Glasgow, Scotland, in October 2012.Joyces creative skills in Ulysses not only fully reflect the artistic characteristics of modernism, but also mark an important revolution in Western novel art. Since its first publication on February 2, 1922, Ulysses had epoch-making significance in the history of modern literature and aroused strong repercussion in the European literary world. The thesis will focus on modernist characteristics of the Ulysses.1.2 Modernism1.2.1 DefinitionModernism is a comprehensive term used in all creative art fields since the end of the 19th century, which mainly deviates from classical and traditional expressions and seeks new artistic forms. In other words, from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, various schools of literature and art with avant-garde characteristics and separated from the traditional literature and art, also known as Modernism. Modern gives people a sense of new style and entering the time, while doctrine is a systematic theory and proposition of human beings on the objective world, social life and art issues. In this regard, modernism is a new art concept that deviates from the tradition. 1.2.2 Origin, schools and developmentThe emergence of Modernism has its historical and regional factors: the rise of modern industry; the emergence of a group of middle class; the relationship between people is increasingly alienated, indifferent, withdrawn; society has become a kind of alien power, as am individual people feel incomparably lonely. In the two world wars, the gun and ammunition invented by human beings have been used to kill their own kind in the history of mankind. The concept of freedom, fraternity and human ideal in the West has been completely destroyed by the war. The Western civilization has been thrown into a profound crisis, under which modernism was born. It is generally recognized that Modernism embodied in literature consists of the following schools: expressionism, futurism, symbolism, imagism, stream of consciousness, etc. The aesthetic consciousness of modernism has a complex tendency. Many writers take an angry attitude towards ugliness and evil in their works. They think that individuals can't change the world, so they tend to be decadent or cynical in their works. Under the domination of this concept, these writers are devoted to the consciousness of absurdity, confusion, obscenity, evil, ugliness, etc., which makes the scenes in their works always have the characteristics of nightmares. Compared with the traditional literature, modernism is characterized by deliberately breaking the order of time and space, using a large number of techniques such as dreams, psychological time, black humor and magic, image, symbol and stream of consciousness to express life and human sexuality. Modernist writers think that as the traditional realism can no longer deeply express the complex life experience and inner experience of modern people, and the personality of people can be liberated from the collective consciousness. Only with this method can they more profoundly and accurately express the personality and complex psychological experience of people, while in the changing society, the traditional technique of white drawing seems powerless and unable to depict the complex consciousness of modern people.2. Literature reviewAs Eliot, a famous modernist port, said, Ulysses is not only a big step towards the possibility of artistic reflection of the world, but also the most significant reflection of todays era, a work that everyone can get inspiration from and cannot avoid. Jiang (2001) mainly focuses on Modernism in English literature, that is, the study of James Joyces works, so as to analyze the far-reaching influence of modernism and its importance in the contemporary world. Li (2007) explores the art of characterization in Joyces Ulysses, and discusses his experiment and innovation in facilitating the transformation of the character. Through the interpretation of Joyces modernist view of characters, it is shown that the characters in Ulysses are not only the product of the transformation of characters in modern English novels, but also the inevitable result of Joyces pursuit of novel experiments and artistic innovation, and also the successful demonstration of his valuable modernist spirit. According to Wang (2015), Joyce had shaped the modern social life epic in Ulysses by using the wandering structure of Odyssey, the archetype structure of seeking father drifting - going home. The social realism he reveals echoes with Walter Benjamins modern theory of urban flaneur to some extent. Ulysses presents geography and humanities landscape of modern Dublin and shapes the images of the flaneur to reveals many problems of modern society. Also Fang (2019) analyzes that the urban space of Dublin is described in detail in Ulysses. In the description of the life, inner experience and spiritual dilemma of urban residents, the modernity characteristics of Dublin are highlighted: contingency, fragmentation and mobility. Also, there are other research perspectives in the Ulysses. Liu (1992) discusses the cultural origin and modern theme of Ulysses. Besides, Zhu (2001) tries to explain the different stylistic features of Realism and Modernism novels by comparing two representative works: Joseph Andrews and Ulysses. Additionally, a comparison in Wangs work (2003) expounds the inheritance relationship and significance between the development of English modernism literature and Western cultural tradition.From whats been shown above, scholars and literature loves have conducted a lot of research on the modernism embodied by Ulysses. However, such studies are mostly from a small angle, which cannot give readers an understanding of the overall situation of Modernism. Therefore, this thesis aims to discuss and analyze modernist characteristics of the Ulysses from several aspects. 3. Need of the studyThere is no doubt that the creation of Ulysses, a masterpiece of stream of consciousness, is of epoch-making significance in the history of modern literature. Speaking of the need of the study, first, such creative techniques, which were unheard of in the British and American literary circles at that time, not only reflected the chaotic and complicated consciousness activities in the characters minds, but also injected new artistic vitality into the rising modernism literary movement. So through exploring the modern artistic creation techniques, we can deepen the understanding of the modernist characteristics of the novel. Besides, we can interpret the ideological and cultural values of Ulysses from a more comprehensive perspective, which provides a new perspective for further understanding of James Joyces novels and his artistic achievements. Most importantly, it not only pointed out the direction for the confusing young people at that time, but also helped the people struggling in the ideal and reality to establish a positive attitude towards life. Whats more, it causes readers of different times to reflect on themselves, so as to strive for dreams and a better life. Therefore such study also has a certain role in promoting social culture and carrying forward the human spirit. ReferencesButts, Gerald, M. (1996). Between two roaring worlds: Personal identity in James Joyce's Ulysses. Don, G. (1988). Ulysses Annotated. San Francisco：University of California Press.Eliot, T. S. (1952). Critiques and Essays on Modern Fiction. New York: The Ronald Press Co. 424.Emer, N. (2009). The Tommy Moore Touch:Ireland and Modernity in Joyce and Moore. Dublin James Joyce Journal. 2.Joyce, J. (1922). Ulysses. Li Weiping (2000). Joyces Aesthetic Concept and Fictional Art. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Man of Rebellious Spirit: A Study of the Revolt Theme in James Joyces Dubliners.Suzette, H., 现代主义和乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》，《辽宁大学学报》，29（6）。

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