Study on English Translation in Nanjing Museum from a Skopos Theory Perspective 目的论视角下南京博物院英译研究文献综述

 2021-11-04 20:59:57

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1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundChinaisacountryofvastterritoryandrichresourceswithalonghistory,richinmuseumcollectionsandawidevarietyofarchaeologicalandtourismvalue.Inrecentyears,moreandmoreforeignershavecometoChinatoexperienceourmagnificentmountainsandriversandourtime-honoredcultureinvariousways.AsoneofthemainWindowsofexternalpublicity,themuseumhasbecomeoneoftheplacesforforeigntouriststolearnaboutChinesehistory,cultureandproducts.NanjingMuseumislocatedat321ZhongshanEastRoad,XuanwuDistrict,Nanjing.ItspredecessorwastheNationalCentralMuseuminitiatedbyCaiYuanpeiin1933.NanjingMuseumisalarge-scaleandcomprehensivenationalmuseumandanationalcomprehensivemuseumofhistoryandart.Itisnowanationalfirst-classmuseum,thefirstbatchofnationalmuseumsjointlybuiltbythecentralandlocalgovernments,anationalAAAA-leveltouristscenicspotandanationalkeyculturalrelicprotectionunit.Coveringanareaofmorethan130000squaremeters,NanjingMuseumisa"one-houseandsix-hall"pattern,namely,HistoryMuseum,SpecialExhibitionHall,DigitalMuseum,ArtMuseum,Non-HeritageMuseumandRepublicofChinaPavilion.Inaddition,thereare"six"researchdepartments,namely,theArchaeologicalInstitute,theCulturalrelicsConservationInstitute,theAncientArchitectureResearchInstitute,thedisplayArtResearchInstitute,thenon-HeritageConservationResearchInstitute,andtheAncientArtResearchInstitute,aswellastheonlyethnicfolkloreresearchinstitutionintheChinesemuseum.InNovember2018,NanjingMuseumwasselectedasthe"2018NationalResearchandpracticalEducationBaseforPrimaryandMiddleSchoolstudents".1.2 Literature reviewOnceSkoposTheorywasputforward,manyscholarsexpressedtheirownviewsontheoriginalbasis. Skopos theory is put forward by Vermeer on the basis of functional translation theory, which holds that the target text depends on the purpose of translation. Translators should adopt corresponding translation strategies according to different translation purposes, and can decide which contents of the original text can be retained and which need to be adjusted or modified according to the translation purpose (1989). Skopos theory has three principles: the principle of purpose, coherence and the faithfulness. Skopos principle is the first principle of translation, which refers to the communicative purpose of the target text. Coherence means that the translation must conform to the standard of intra-lingual coherence, that is, the translation is readable and acceptable. The principle of faithfulness means that there is interlingual coherence between the original text and the target text (Newmark, 1981).Nida, a famous translation theorist, put forward the theory of functional equivalence from the perspective of linguistics and communication. The main purpose of the theory is functional equivalence, which emphasizes that in the transformation of two languages, the one-to-one correspondence is not limited to the words ,but the functional equivalence between the two languages (2001). Public signs refer to the applied style that is open to the public, serving as instructions, notices, publicity and other social services (Kelly, 1998). It is characterized by simplicity and standardization, so the basic requirement of public signs translation is to convey the equivalence of the original text (Wang Huan, 2018). Nida proposes two specific principles. One is the principle of function priority. When translating public signs, the translator should first clarify the functions of the original public signs, and then try to translate them without changing their functions (2001). Therefore, after the translation of public signs, the translator should compare the public signs before and after translation to see whether the response of the target readers is consistent with that of the original readers and achieve functional equivalence (Yang Rongjing, 2012). The other is the principle of brevity. Conciseness is a typical style of public signs, so after reflecting functional equivalence, try to express it in a concise way as far as possible (Li Jianhua, 2012).Les, one of the representatives of the German functional translation school, put forward the text type theory. He divides the text into information type, expressive type and operational type (2001). The language of informational text is logical and its function is to provide facts. Such as some regional names or service organizations. Information-based text language is simple and clear, and its main function is to provide basic information to let the viewer know their location and understand some facilities (Geng Xiaochao, 2018). The expressive text language has aesthetic characteristics, paying attention to the text format, the author's attitude and the expression of inner feelings (Nord, 2001). It aims to express the emotion and attitude of the information senders, highlights the beauty of the language through some rhetorical devices and a large number of modifiers.Operational text language has the characteristics of dialogue and strong appeal, and its function is to infect readers and trigger actions (Liu Yueyang, 2017). It is worth saying that most of these public signs are imperative sentences, which can remind, admonish or force what to do or not to do. Different text type theories should adopt different translation strategies (Reiss, 2004). In the translation of informative public signs, the primary task is to convey the original text information ,the translator should use the language form that the public is familiar with, and the strategies of borrowing translation and communicative translation can be used in this translation (Xu Jiajia, 2015). The translation of expressive public signs should convey not only the message of the original text, but also its aesthetic form (Li Yujuan, 2011). Besides, the operational public signs translation should focus on the response of the target audience (Erik, 2002). The translation should conform to their receptive ability, and the translator can adopt the strategies of borrowing and imitating translation (Ou Yan, 2006).1.3 Need for the studyAsearlyasthe1950s,NanjingMuseumparticipatedintheculturalrelicsexhibitionorganizedbythestateandwenttotheSovietunion,Germanyandothercountriesforexhibition.Sincethereformandopeningup,academicexchangeswiththeinternationalcommunityhaveincreaseddaybyday,andculturalrelicsexhibitionshavebeenheldinmanycountriesandregionstopromotenationalcultureandenhanceinternationalexchanges.ItsignedtheacademicandCulturalExchangeAgreementwiththeNationalKyushuMuseumofJapan,theAncientPalaceMuseumofKoreaandtheAcademyofNaturalSciencesofPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,USA,andcarriedoutfriendlyexchangeactivitiesonthisbasis.Scientificresearchcooperationwithforeignacademicinstitutionsisalsoincreasing,andremarkableachievementshavebeenmadeinthespreadofBuddhismtothesouth,thearchaeologyofearlyricefieldsites,thestudyofhumanbonesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Afterthat,hesignedcooperationagreementswithculturalinstitutionsathomeandabroad,suchastheMetropolitanMuseumofArtintheUnitedStates,theRoyalOntarioMuseuminCanada,theImperialPalaceinTaipei,theNationalKyushuMuseuminJapan,andtheAncientPalaceMuseuminKorea.In addition,hecarriedoutalargenumberofacademicandculturalactivities.2. The Theory on Skopos 2.1 DefinitionThetermSkoposisusuallyusedtorefertothepurposeofthetranslation,andthewordSkoposcomesfromtheGreek"Skopos".InadditiontoSkopos,Vermeer,healsousestherelatedwords"aim","purpose","intention"and"function".Inordertoavoidconceptualconfusion,Nordproposestomakeabasicdistinctionbetweenintentionandfunction:"intention"isdefinedfromthesender'spointofview,while"function"referstotextfunction.Itisdeterminedbytherecipient'sexpectations,needs,knownknowledgeandenvironmentalconditions.Intheframeworkofvermeer'sskopostheory,oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatdeterminethepurposeoftranslationistheaudience--theintendedrecipientofthetargettext,whohastheirownculturalbackgroundknowledge,expectationsofthetargettextandcommunicativeneeds2.2 TheapplicationprincipleofSkopos Theory2.2.1 Skopos ruleAccordingtoSkopostheory,thefirstprinciplefollowedinalltranslationactivitiesisthe"Skoposprinciple",thatis,translationshouldbeabletofunctioninthecontextandcultureofthetargetlanguageinthewayexpectedbytherecipientofthetargetlanguage.Thepurposeofthetranslationactdeterminesthewholeprocessofthetranslationact,thatis,theresultdeterminesthemethod.However,translationactivitiescanhavemultiplepurposes,whichcanbefurtherdividedintothreecategories:(1)thebasicpurposeofthetranslator;(2)thecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext;(3)thepurposetobeachievedbyusingsomespecialtranslationmeans.Therefore,thetranslatorshoulddefinehisspecificpurposeinagiventranslationcontextanddecidewhichtranslationmethodtoadoptaccordingtothatpurpose.2.2.2 Coherence ruleCoherencemeansthatthetranslationmustconformtothestandardofintra-textualcoherence,thatis,thetranslationisreadableandacceptablesothattherecipientcanunderstandandhavemeaninginthetargetcultureandinthecommunicativecontextinwhichthetranslationisused.2.2.3 Fidelity ruleFidelityrulemeansthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext.Thisisequivalenttowhatothertranslationtheoriescallfaithfulnesstotheoriginaltext,butthedegreeandformoffaithfulnesstotheoriginaltextdependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator'sunderstandingoftheoriginaltext.2.2.4 Loyalty ruleNordproposedtheprincipleofloyaltytosolvetherelationshipbetweenculturaldifferencesandtheparticipantsintranslationbehavior.Nordbelievesthattranslatorshaveamoralresponsibilitytotherecipientsofthetranslationandmustexplaintothemwhattheyhavedoneandthereasonsfordoingso.Thisisoneaspectoftheprincipleofloyalty.Inaddition,ontheotherhand,theprinciplerequiresthetranslatortobeloyaltotheoriginalauthor.Thetranslatorshouldrespecttheoriginalauthorandcoordinatethetargetlanguageandtheauthor'sintention.Inaword,thesefourprinciplesconstitutethebasicprinciplesofSkopostheory,buttheprinciplesofcoherence,faithfulnessandloyaltymustbesubordinatedtotheSkoposprinciple,whichisthefirstprincipleofSkopostheory.2.3 EvaluationCriteriaAsforthecriteriaoftranslation,Skoposusesadequacyratherthanequivalenceasthecriterionforevaluatingthetranslation.UndertheframeworkofSkopostheory,adequacymeansthatthetranslationshouldmeettherequirementsoftranslationpurposes,andequivalencemeansthatthetargettextandtheoriginaltexthavesimilarcommunicativefunctionsindifferentculturalcontexts.Equivalenceisonlyaformofadequacyandastaticconcepttodescribetheresultsoftranslation.Differentfromthetraditionalviewofequivalence,GermanfunctionalSkopostheorydoesnotfocusontheequivalencebetweenthetargettextandtheoriginaltext,butemphasizesthatthetranslatortakestheexpectedfunctionofthetargettextasthestartingpointandchoosesthebesttreatmentmethodaccordingtovariouscontextualfactorsintheprocessoftranslation.Works CitedErik,Castello.(2002). Tourist Information Texts: a Corpus-based Study of Four Related Genres [J]. Kelly,D.(1998).The Translation of Texts from the Tourist Sector:Textual Conventions,Cultural Distance and Other Constraints[J]. Newmark,Peter.(1981). The Theory and the Craft of Translation [J]. Nida,S.,Eugene,A.(2001). Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating [J]. Journal of Women s Health,24,(3).Nord,Les.(2001).Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained [J]. Journal of Women s Health,39,(2).Reiss,Katharina.(2004). Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations [J]. Vermeer,J.(1989).Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [J]. Readings in Translation Theory.耿小超、何魏魏（2018），从目的论看旅游标识语翻译 [J]．中国科技翻译，(03)。

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