《生活大爆炸》中多模态反讽的语用认知研究文献综述

 2021-11-05 19:05:57

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1. Introduction1.1 Research backgroundIrony is an important and ubiquitous linguistic phenomenon in our daily communication (Chen 2017). As one of communication ways, irony takes on many functions in conversation. Irony has the function of expressing satire, politeness, emphasis and humor (Jiang Qi 2010; Chen 2017). A number of scholars have analyzed how humor can be produced by verbal irony. The Big Bang Theory is a popular sitcom that is on screen from 2007 and finally ends in 2019 with 12 seasons. It is awarded outstanding multi-camera picture editing for a comedy series from 2014 to 2017, outstanding technical direction, camerawork, video control for a series in 2013. Whats more, the actor, Jim Parsons who plays as Sheldon Cooper, won the outstanding lead actor in a comedy series in 2014, 2013, and 2011, 2010 respectively. The actor of Arthur Jeffries, Bob Newhart won the outstanding guest actor in a comedy series in 2013. Therefore, the performance of actors can also give us a new way to analyze irony. 1.2 Need of the studyTelevision situation comedies contain markers of irony and sarcasm, including intonational and visual clues. Besides, there also exists visual marker of irony and sarcasm (Attardo et al 2003). Para-linguistic factors such as situation, body languages, exaggerated performance and other non-linguist factors can also produce ironic effects (Chen Meiting 2017). Many multimodal irony and sarcasm from the Big Bang Theory can be used as data to conduct a cognitive pragmatic study. However, the previous study which takes The Big Bang Theory as data only focus on verbal irony and recognition of irony. While irony can also be produced by multimodal sarcasm.1.3 Purpose of the studyThe Big Bang Theory, as a film text is a multimodal text featuring multiple symbolic systems like text, sound and image and so on. Traditionally, most subtitle translation studies give a lot of focus on the single mode of text, ignoring its multimodal features (Luo 2019). Some scholars also point out that the study of multimodal sarcasm is still in its infancy and that future study can concern multimodal factors (Chen 2017; Zhao 2019). Therefore, this thesis aims to enrich the study of multimodal sarcasm. Not only verbal language, this thesis will combine them with actors performance and specific situations in order to enrich the cognitive-pragmatic study of irony.2. Literature Review2.1 Previous study on irony and sarcasmThe literature review of this thesis contains two parts, one of which centering on the previous study on irony and sarcasm, and another focusing on the previous analysis of the America sitcom, the Big Bang Theory.Since the 19 60s, the study of irony has attracted scholars in many different subjects. Researchers from the non-linguistic domain have proposed several theories regarding irony, for instance, Trichotomy of irony (Mueck), Dichotomy of irony (Booth), Dynamic Interpretation of irony (Fish) and Free Interpretation Hypothesis of irony (Rorty). In linguistics, studies of irony have been explored from the perspectives of semantics, pragmatics and psycholinguistics (Zheng 2004). Previous research on the semantic study of irony have mainly focused on the semantic structure of isolated sentences, ignoring such factors as the communicative environment and the communicative subject. The pragmatic study of irony began with Grice, a linguistic philosopher, who then puts forward the famous Cooperative Principle and conversational maxims. Grice (1975) holds the view that the irony flouts the Maxim of Qualitative, one of conversational maxims of Cooperative Principles, which gives rise to its opposite meaning. Additionally, Grice agrees with Plato on that irony can be used for disguise. While Kaufer (1986) expresses that in fact, flouting other maxims can also produce irony, even without flouting any maxims of the Cooperative Principle. Furthermore, Leech (1983) claims that Grices Cooperative Principles cannot explain why people express their real intentions indirectly, and he also points out that different social groups follow different conversational maxims during communication. Therefore, Leech proposed the politeness principle as a necessary supplement to explain why people use irony expressing intentions. Cutler (1974), who divides irony into two types. One appears in the immediate context, not referring to the previous context, while the other must refer to the previous context. In order to achieve the ironic effect, the speaker uses a certain tone of voice to make the listener question the literal words in a certain way. The pragmatic studies conducted by Grice, Cutler and Leech are called traditional pragmatic study of irony. In recent years, the mention theory of irony put forward by Sperber and Wilson (1986) is one of the most influential theories in the study of irony (Zeng, 2004). Sperber and Wilson propose that the understanding of irony depends on three factors that is a recognition of the utterance as echoic, an identification of source of opinion achored and a recognition that the speakers attitude to the opinion echoed is one of rejection or disapproval.On the basis of the relevance-theoretic approach to context, Yus (2000) complements Echoic-Interpretation Theory of Irony with a model of contextual activation and criterion of optimal accessibility to irony．He claims that the identification of irony can be sped up with multiple activation of contextual sources，and may be easier or more difficult，depending on the number (and quality) of incompatibilities detected by the hearer in the multiple mental activation of the available contextual sources (Hu, 2008). Leading contextual sources and supportive contextual sources play an important part in understanding irony. The upper limit of contextual support and the lower limit of contextual absence can help recognize ironic intention. The irony intention can be recognized immediately when the upper limit of context support is exceeded. While the hearer cannot recognize the irony intention, if the lower limit of contextual absence is not reached, even if the speaker tries to convey his negative attitude and highlight the echo of his words.Echoic interpretation theory combines pragmatics and cognition to study irony in a dynamic way, which shifts the study focus from the production of irony to the understanding of irony. It provides a more convincing explanation for the understanding of irony than the traditional pragmatic model. Compared with the traditional pragmatic model, the echoic theory helps us to understand more about the nature of irony, its operation mechanism and its understanding process. The echoic theory can also explain some irony phenomena that the pragmatic model of irony cannot explain (Fang, 2005).Attardo, Eisterhold, Hay and Poggi (2003) conduct a study on multimodal markers of irony and sarcasm, including phonological markers, facial markers and pitch. Their research provides a new way to considerate the multimodal nature of the clues for ironical intention, which is essential for a proper evaluation of the clues used to signal irony.2.2 Previous study on the Big Bang TheoryThe study about the Big Bang Theory is a hot topic among scholars in different subjects. Roughly calculated, 437 results whose thesis is this sitcom are found in CNKI and about 98.86% of these studies are in the latest decade. Here, the study from pragmatic perspective will be reviewed.Based on Grices cooperative principles, Fanrui(2016) analyses the specific subtitles in the Big Bang Theory, evaluates and analyzes them in pragmatic equivalence. The method of translations of verbal humor is also discussed.Liu Jingjing and Li Manman (2016) study the verbal humor produced by flouting the Cooperative Principle in the Big Bang Theory. They also sort the frequency of the violated maxims. Using background laughing voice as a standard, they identified 932 instances of humor, among which 702 are achieved by verbal humor，while others are achieved by non-language factors in 10 episodes from Season 8. 60 percent verbal humor is produced by flouting Cooperative Principle. Through analyzing specific data, they also have enriched the relevant theory of verbal humor.Linya (2015) studies the way of achieving humor effect in the Big Bang Theory. The humorous effects can be achieved by the pause and speed of speech, the violation of the Cooperative Principle, the use of euphemism and sarcasm and the coexistence of precise language and fuzzy language.Liu Lin (2018) finds that the Appraisal Theory can be applied to study non-language, and modalities non-language includes facial expressions, actions, body positions, volume, tone and speed. Futhermore, she also studies the differences between multimodal expressions of different genders. ReferencesAttardo, Salvatore, Eisterhold J., Hay J. 《傲慢与偏见》反讽话语之关联理论视角，《外语与外语教学》，(8)。

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