霍夫斯泰德文化维度理论视角下对中西方学生文化冲突意识的研究文献综述

 2021-12-28 20:41:51

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文献综述

1.Introduction1.1 Hofstede's cultural dimension theoryHofstede's cultural dimension theory is a framework theory of cross-cultural communication proposed by the Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede(Hofstede,1980). The theory is based on 117,000 questionnaire surveys FROM 40 countries covering people of all classes and income groups from workers to PhDs and senior managers. At this stage, it includes six dimensions, they are power distance Index, individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance index, masculinity, long term orientation and short term oriention, Indulgence and restraint.In the 1990s, with the further expansion of China's reform and opening up, domestic cross-cultural communication studies began to pay attention to and study Hofstede's cultural dimension theory. In the article Modern Foreign Philosophy and Social Science DigestNasif and Wang Yongliang used Hofstedes cultural values survey (Hofstede,1980) as an example of cross-cultural research, from "standards, methods and theoretical simplification, sampling and testing methods, data collection and other perspectives, emphasizing suggestions for reducing and overcoming methodological problems in cross-cultural studies(Nasif Wang, 1993). Hofstede, a literal translation by Zheng Shigui, originally published in a British publication in 1998, gave advice to Hong Kong and the United Kingdom(Zheng,1998). The news of the re-study is the best proof of the applicability of Hofstedes cultural dimension theory; Tong Huijie conducted a comparative study on the national character of the Chinese with those of Japan, Russia, and the United States in 1999 (Tong,1999). The measurement scale used by Ted in the survey raised questions and raised the possibility of studying the Chinese national character from the perspective of history and cultural tradition. In the same year, Hu Bo conducted an empirical study on the impact of cultural differences on Chinese hotels from the perspective of human resource management, introduced Hofstede's cultural dimension theory and determined the core beliefs of Chinese people in different periods and their value in business (Hu,1999). With this as a starting point, Hofstede's cultural dimension theory has gradually gained wide attention and discussion in the practice and application of cross-cultural communication in China.1.2 Need of the studySince the reform and opening up and China's accession to the WTO, the relationship between China and other countries has become closer and closer, and cultural exchanges have become more frequent. As a result, some unpleasant problems caused by the cultural differences between China and the West also appear. Therefore, it is particularly important to solve the problems in the cultural exchanges between China and the West.Domestic research on Hofstede not only pays attention to his basic cultural theory, but also closely integrates the relationship between his cultural theory and cross-cultural communication practice. The research on Hofstede is not only applicable to cultural theory and cultural research in a broad sense, but also to the theoretical research and practice of cross-cultural communication. It can be seen that Hofstede's cultural theory is one of the important theoretical content of cross-cultural communication. Hofstede's cultural dimension theory has a distinct application color, and the field of cross-cultural communication and cross-cultural management are important fields of its application. In addition, in the field of media culture and intercultural life, the application of Hofstede's cultural dimension theory is still very prominent.1.3 Research purposesWith the continuous development of Chinas One Belt, One Road initiative, more and more international students go to different countries to study and live. The exchanges and cooperation in culture, economy, and trade among the worlds economies have been continuously strengthened. Intercultural communication is also becoming more frequent. Successful cross-cultural communication is a catalyst that promotes the establishment of good relations between countries and the realization of common development. However, Chinese and Western civilizations have gradually formed their own unique values, ideas, beliefs, and traditional customs over thousands of years of development. These differences often lead to cultural conflicts. Therefore, studying the causes of cross-cultural conflicts can help eliminate barriers to cross-cultural communication, create a good cross-cultural communication environment, enhance communication and understanding among different countries, regions, and ethnic groups, and promote the spread and use of different cultures worldwide. The universal value of culture. This paper will take the power distance of Hofstede's cultural dimension theory system, individualism and collectivism, and long-term and short-term orientations as the research direction, to study some common cultural differences in cross-cultural communication, explore the reasons, and propose suggestions that help promote cross-cultural communication.2.Literature reviewBased on Hofstede's cultural dimension theory, this article will explore the role of this theory in cross-cultural communication. By consulting relevant information, it is not difficult to find that Hofstede's research methods are very characteristic. He mainly used questionnaire surveys and statistical analysis methods. In a few years, he distributed a large number of questionnaires to IBM employees in various countries around the world, and set up some specific questions to find the differences in national cultural dimensions of survey subjects from different countries. For example, by asking the survey respondents about the ideal bosss evaluation of the real boss, etc., peoples values in the dimension of power distance can be determined. For the returned questionnaires, Hofstede used various statistical analysis techniques to calculate the scores of the survey subjects in each country in different cultural dimensions to determine the relative position of different cultures in each dimension. In the focus of research, Hofstede's comparison of cultural values in different countries is essentially a comparison of elements (dimensions). Through the comparison of cultural elements, he determined the relative ranking of each country's cultural values. Regarding the organization of the country, he used the right index and the uncertainty avoidance index as the vertical and horizontal coordinates to establish a rectangular coordinate system on the organization of different countries. 2.1 A Review of Power Distance IndexPower Distance Index reflects the answers of people in different countries to the basic question of "how to treat inequality between people". Its name comes from the research of the Dutch experimental social psychologist Mauck Mild, referring to The emotional distance between the superior and the subordinate (Hofstede, 1980). Inequality exists in any society, and different countries treat inequality in different ways (Anderson, Reynolds, Schallert Goetz, 1994). Those with a higher degree of acceptance of inequality are called high power distance countries, and vice versa, low power distance countries.According to Hofstedes survey results, Chinas Power Distance Index is higher than that of the United States. That is, relative to the United States, China is a country with high power distance(Falicov, 1995). In a high power distance environment, the relationship between teachers and students is always in an unequal position. Respecting teachers and respecting the Tao is also reflected in the traditional Chinese cultural virtues. "Lv Shi Chun qiu: Respecting the Teacher" said: "Sages, there are no people who do not respect the teacher... The emperor enters the Taixue to worship the first saint, then he will taste the teacher Fuchen, so see respect for learning and respect for the teacher(Lu, 2011). In a low-power environment, students are more inclined to treat teachers equally.2.2 A Review of and Collectivism and IndividualismCollectivism refers to the integration of people into a strong and close inner group from birth (Hofstede, 1980). This group provides life-long protection for people in exchange for their absolute loyalty to this group (Hofstede, 1980). China has a long history, from the beginning of the clan society, the blood relationship has always maintained the connection between people. It has established a series of social systems that pay attention to elders and inferiority. The value orientation of collective interests over individual interests has always been the traditional thinking inherited by the ancestors (Baker Hugh, 1979). This also makes Chinese people's words and deeds guided and restricted by this value orientation. In an individualistic society, the relationship between people is loosely connected, and people only take care of themselves and their family.The United States is a typical country of immigrants. Many early immigrants came to the United States all the way to get rid of the original religious and political shackles and seek new religious freedom. Therefore, Americans value personal efforts more. They yearn for personal freedom, pursue personal interests, and form a self-centered value in everything (Wang, 2005).2.3 A Review of Long Term Orientation and Short Term Orientation Long Term Orientation means cultivating and encouraging character oriented in the pursuit of future returns, especially tenacity and thrift. On the contrary, Short Term Orientation means cultivating and encouraging past and current virtues, especially respecting tradition, preserving face and fulfilling social obligations (Hofstede, 1980).This dimension is measured by the long-term orientation index. China is a typical country with obvious long-term orientation. From the results of Hofstedes research and survey on the long-term orientation index of 39 countries and regions, Chinas long-term orientation index Steady in the highest position (Black Mendenhall, 1990). Chinese culture is also a typical culture with long-term orientation. In countries with obvious long-term orientation and cultural inclination, people pay more attention to long-term goals and are willing to continuously contribute to the goals (Kim, 1991). Most wise men in the eyes of the Chinese have the same characteristics. Among them, foresight and foresight are especially important. "The Analects of Confucius Wei Ling Gong" said: "Zi said:'People have no long-term worries, there must be near worries.'"In the survey of Chinese values hosted by Mike Peng, the long-term orientation index is also called "the power of Confucian culture." ". The difference in this dimension of different countries stems from their own cultural traditions. (Grahain Catcora, 2005)Countries and regions that are more deeply influenced by Confucian culture have a higher long-term orientation index, and vice versa. The cultural dimension of long-term orientation and short-term orientation is proposed by Hofstede for Asian cultural studies. In a long-term orientation culture, the state, society, organizations, and individuals tend to set long-term goals for various things and require perseverance and perseverance to achieve these goals (Stewart Edward ,1991). The short-term orientation culture is inclined to a value of timely enjoyment and encourages focusing on the current (Chen Zeng, 2016) .ReferencesAckermann, K., Chen, Y. H. (2013). Developing the academic collocation list (ACL): A corpus-driven and expert-judged approach. Journal of English for academic purposes 12, 235-247. Anderson, R. C, Reynolds, R. E, Schallert, D. L. Goetz, E. T. (1994). Frameworks for Comprehending Discourse. American Educational Research Journal.Baker, and Hugh, D. R. (1979). Chinese Family and Kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. (1991).Cross-cultural training and effectiveness:A review and a theoretical framework for future research. The Academy of Management Review.Falicov, C. G. (1995) Cross-cultural marriages. In Jacobson, N. S. A. S. Gurman. (Eds.) Clinical Handbook of Couple Therapy, pp. 231-246. New York: Guilford.Grahain, J. L., Catcora, J. L. (2005) International marketing. Beijing: Renmin University Press.Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures and organizations: software of the mind( third edition) .New York: McGraw-Hill Education．Kim, Y. Y. (1991) Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory [M].Exeter: Short Run Press.Stewart, Edward. (1991) American Cultural Patterns. Chicago: Intercultural Press.陈若璇、曾庆香（2016），《文化维度视角下的中国话语表达》，(1) : 175。

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