An Eco-feminist Analysis of the Relationships between the Elements in Far from the Madding Crowd 从生态女性视角析哈代小说《远离尘嚣》所涉元素间的相互关系文献综述

 2021-12-30 20:43:42

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文献综述

1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundThomas Hardy is one of the greatest novelists at the end of the 19th century. He lived at a time when the industrial revolution was constantly impacting the traditional farming life. Therefore, he was keenly aware of all kinds of disasters brought about by the conflict between man and nature. In Far from the madding crowd, Hardy uses the tragic form of ecological literature to reappear the merciless destruction of beautiful nature and the self digging punishment suffered by human beings in the area of Weatherburry. And simultaneously, it reveals the crisis of the relationship between man and nature, and expresses the criticism of early mechanical industry civilization and the desire to return to nature. While in 1868, the British society attempted to reshape womens behavior and moral standards. A series of discussions on contemporary girls were held to establish the standards for perfect girl, innocent and lovely, delicate, pure, docile, religious, religiously faithful, psychologically dependent on men, and absolutely obedient to the marriage arranged by fate. In 1880s, new women who resisted the traditional forces appeared. The great changes of womens social status in Britain, such as property rights and freedom of life, took place after the 1980s. Far from the madding crowd was written in 1874. It was a dark period of womens situation at that time, and the novel provided a panorama of womens living conditions in Victorian era. Far from the madding crowd can be seen as a relatively early feminist work, which shows Hardys suspicion of traditional morality. Love can be said to be the main clue of the whole novel. The Farmer Oak falls in love with the heroine Bathsheba but fails to propose to her. A natural disaster makes him lose his sheep and migrate to the heroines farm to work. Due to an accidental prank, the heroine Bathsheba breaks Boldwoods inner peace and leads him to pursue her crazily. But Bathsheba falls into the arms of Troy and marries him. After marriage, Troy is not sincere to Bathsheba, and eventually dies at the gunpoint of Boldwood, and Boldwood is sentenced to life imprisonment. At the end of the story, the heroine and Oak, who has always loved her, are finally married.1.2 Literature review The anonymous comment, first published in 1874, not only highly praises Hardy's descriptive skills, but also criticizes some defects in his novel creation, such as recklessness. A review published in 1875 discusses how characters are influenced by the environment, and pointed out that Hardys poor writing destroyed the novel to a certain extent. A critic named Carpenter (1964) studies the image of mirror and sword in the novel. Kramer (1975) analyzes the novel from the perspective of tragic elements in it. As far as he concerned, the novel is not a complete tragedy but it shows some common elements in Hardys later works. Adey (1987) analyzes the love experiences in the novel and further explores how these experiences affect the life of the characters. Mistichelli (1988) looks at the novel from a new prospective, that is, the theme of androgyny, survival and realization. The review of Shires (1991) first explains the gender issues by studying the performance of male and female characteristics in the novel. Boumelha (2000) analyzes the novel from the perspective of the patriarchy exhibited. Later a review of Lennartz (2008) discusses the intruders in this novel, which is a recurring element in Hardy's later novels.The above comments are all from abroad. In recent years, the interest of domestic critics in this novel is growing. According to the feminist theory, Gong (2011) makes a comparative analysis of two female images, Bathsheba and Fanny. Through the comparative analysis of the two new and old women, we can see that the independent women in the new era are full of vitality and vigor. They will win the struggle against the old forces and let the fresh air of womes independence and freedom fill the whole society. The women who represent the traditional thoughts will end in tragedy like Fanny and be eliminated by the new society. According to the emotional entanglement between Bathsheba and her three pursuers and her growing process of striving for her own happiness, Wang (2012) analyzes the female consciousness and the limitation of Hardys times reflected in the paper from the perspective of feminism. By interpreting the Eco-feminism in the novel, Zhang (2013) emphasizes the important role of nature in the construction of human spiritual world and the process of human seeking to return to nature, and advocates the harmonious development of human society and nature. Shen (2016) Qin (2010) is devoted to the female characters in Hardys Far from the madding crowd from the perspective of feminism. At the same time, it reveals the social structure, the real status and situation of women in Britain at the end of the 19th century, and the essence of the relationship between men and women. From the perspective of ecological aesthetics, Cao (2011) analyzes the non instrumental beauty of nature, the beauty of ecological integrity and the beauty of integration of human and nature, interprets Hardys ideal of poetic dwelling habitation, and reveals his prospective ecological aesthetic consciousness. From the perspective of ecological criticism, Cao (2012) analyzes Bathshebas behavior of advocating consumption, deviating from nature, falling into difficulties and returning to nature, and then reveals Hardys aversion and criticism of consumerism and his ardent yearning for returning to simplicity and returning to the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. From the perspective of fatalism, Zhang (2014) explores the life track of Bathsheba, and analyzes the inevitability of Bathshebas fate tragedy from the development and change of characters emotion, so as to realize the fatalism viewpoint in Hards work. Bi (2015) discusses the establishment, disintegration of Bathshebas anti traditional independent female image. From the perspective of Eco-criticism, Lin (2015) interprets fascinating natural beauty in the English countryside and the ideal ecological picture of coexistence and prosperity between man and nature. But it is not limited to this, at the same time, it reveals the problems brought about by industrial civilization. Deng (2020) discusses this tragedy and interprets Hardys fatalism from the perspective of feminism.1.3 Need of the studyThe thesis has both practical and academic meanings. On the one hand, due to the different social role division of traditional men and women, the differences in the status of men and women in the ecological environment, and the differences in production and life experience make them have different perspectives in the construction of ecological culture. The close relationship between ecological environment and womens survival and development makes women take a more active role in the construction and inheritance of ecological culture. They are not only participants and practitioners, but also important creators and disseminators.Women are not only the main body of social consumption, but also the main body of social production. Some studies have shown that 70% of the world's consumption should be carried out through women; especially in China, women play a major role in modern agricultural production, and more than 80% of agricultural labor, 70% of family planting and breeding industry are borne by women. Therefore, mode of consumption and production of women has a direct impact on the green development, green consumption and green life advocated by the construction of ecological culture. At the same time, Eco-feminism sometimes pays more attention to practical problems than the limitations of ecological environment and gender. For example, the third world Eco-feminist scholars analysis of the impact of transgenic technology on Indias ecological agriculture is a typical example.On the other hand, in modern times, more scholars are devoted to analyzing and criticizing the concept of the relationship between women and nature, pointing out that the essence of it is the dual rule of women and nature. Eco-feminism is not against rationality, but points out the irrationality of male power system, as well as the false and independent male model, which is the basis of most mainstream theories and radical criticism. In this understanding, Eco-feminism has gone far beyond the level of physiological gender, and entered a deeper philosophical level.1.4 Purposes of the studyAccording to the above literature review, most of the previous studies focused on the analysis of Bathsheba from the perspective of Eco-feminism, less on the relationship between characters.This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the elements in Far from the madding crowd from the perspective of Eco-feminism, so as to appeal to people to pay attention to women and the environment. On the one hand, through the sharp contrast between the urban civilization and the nature of Weatherburry, it points out the way to return to nature for human beings in ecological dilemma. On the other hand, it also discusses women's role and value, and then makes a comprehensive and in-depth analysis and criticism on the patriarchy that discriminates against and oppresses women.2. The theory of Eco-feminism Eco-feminism is a kind of political and social movement and an important school in the third wave of feminist movement. It believes that there is a relationship between the oppression of women and the degradation of nature. Eco feminists consider the interaction among sexism, control of nature, racial discrimination, species supremacy and other social inequalities. It can be said to be a natural feminism, which not only inherits the past theories, but also opens up new research fields. In addition to its commitment to social reform, it also extends this political movement to the field of knowledge, studies the differences of natures between female and male from various angles, explores womens roles and womens values, and then makes a comprehensive and in-depth analysis and criticism of patriarchy which discriminated against and oppressed women. Eco-feminism has always been a popular political movement concerned by the press. Under the influence of gender mainstreaming in the 1990s, the role of women in sustainable development has been gradually recognized, and the relationship between womens development and ecological environment has become increasingly clear. In a series of international conferences held by the United Nations, women and the environment has received high attention and consensus from the international community. The three Chinese womens development outlines formulated successively by China have also started from improving the natural environment and optimizing the social environment, proposing to increase the degree of womens participation in environmental protection and decision-making, put the optimization of social environment for womens development and the protection of ecological environment to the same important position, and set goals and requirements for the construction of ecological culture system with gender evaluation standards. The construction of ecological culture strategy with gender perspective has become an important measure for China to adhere to scientific development, harmonious development and green development.ReferencesAdey, L. (1987). Styles of love in Far from the madding crowd. Thomas Hardy annual, (4).Boumelha, P. (2000). The patriarchy of class: Under the greenwood tree, Far from the madding crowd. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Carpenter, R. 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