合作原则视角下电影《猫鼠游戏》对白的会话含义分析文献综述

 2021-12-30 20:43:54

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1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundThanks to the globalization and the Chinese reform and opening-up, our communication with other cultures in the world is becoming increasingly frequent. Owing to the development of the Internet and other forms of high technology, we could watch as many films and TV programs both domestic and foreign as we like. In this process a lot of films and television programs are flooding into China and Catch Me If You Can is one of the most popular films among them. It is beneficial for Chinese audiences to experience foreign culture, expand their horizons and enrich their knowledge.Catch Me If You Can is a crime film produced by Dream Works Studios and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is produced by Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Han Starring Cox, released in the United States on December 25, 2002. The film is based on the autobiography of Frank Abagno Jr. "Catch me if you have the ability-the amazing true story of a scammer". It tells the story of an encounter between FBI agent Carl and the criminal who is good at forging documents.After reading a lot of relevant literature, I found few scholars have studied this hot film from the perspective of pragmatics. As a kind of speech action, dialog is the major way of communication between different characters and occupies a very important position in portraying characters' personalities, describing characters' identity and social status, showing character relations and revealing the plot development directly or indirectly. A common phenomenon found in the dialog of Catch Me If You Can is that the main characters that have different professions and positions, often imply their real intentions instead of speaking them out directly. On account of this dialog phenomenon, this paper explores these selected dialog of characters which are typical in Catch Me If You Can and interprets them from the perspective of conversational implicature (CI for short), and the cooperative principle (CP for short) in pragmatics.1.2 Need of the studyThe plot and dialogue of the movie are highly condensed of interpersonal communication in real life. Therefore, choosing the dialogues of characters in the movie as the corpus is an ideal research sample. Based on the reading and analysis of a large number of documents in the early stage, it is found that the current academic research on the film Catch Me If You Can from the perspective of cooperative principle is less and the research is not thorough and comprehensive. Based on this, the main significance of this article is as follows: First, compared with the written corpus, the study of spoken corpus is relatively complicated. This paper uses the dialogues in the movie Catch Me If You Can as the research corpus. The study of the corpus requires the researcher to watch all the episodes and transcribe them one by one in order to find the corpus with research value. Therefore, by organizing the dialogues in Catch Me If You Can, it makes up for the lack of dialogue data in Catch Me If You Can.Second, this paper uses the Grices Cooperative Principle as the basic theory, and from the perspective of pragmatic rhetoric, comprehensively interprets the film Catch Me If You Can, which completes the study of film dialogue from the perspective of pragmatics.Third, based on the common foundation of context theory and cooperative principle, this paper further explores the influence of contextual factors on the implementation and application of cooperative principle in character dialogue, and the specific influence of cooperative principle on character dialogue strategies. Through the above research work, Grices cooperative principle can be supplemented and improved to a certain extent, and it has certain advancing significance for the development of conversational implicature.2.Literature review2.1 Notion of Conversational ImplicatureImplicature is a technical term which was coined by Grice. It refers to what is suggested in an utterance , even though not expressed nor strictly implied by the utterance. Grice said, a conversational implicature is something which is implied in conversation, that is, something which is left implicit in actual language use" (1975). In other words, implicature is used by Grice to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinguished from what the speaker literally say. A conversational implicature is something left implicit in actual language. The meaning or intention between the line, behind the line is not so accountable by means of general semantic theory, rather, by pragmatics. In the process of understanding or interpretation, the common knowledge, and the inference ability of both the addresser and the addressee are playing significant roles.2.2 Cooperative Principle2.2.1 Understanding of the Cooperative PrincipleH. O. Grice, a linguistic philosopher, gave a lecture about William James at Harvard University in 1967, and for the first time, he proposes a theory called the CI. According to Grice (1975), a conversation can be guided by a general principle, and he names itcooperative principle, and he also develop four maxims for it, that is, Quantity, Quality,Relation, and Manner respectively. He argues that the communicators would follow the CPas a general principle during their daily verbal exchanges. The CI comes from the failure ofconversation which imposes consequential influence on the uttered meaning. According to Grice, the dialogues taking place between different persons arent composed of a series of incoherent or rigmarole words. People are somewhat inclined to take a cooperative way. In most cases, before starting conversations with others, most people have some specific purpose in their mind. To make the conservation more successful, mostpeople would consciously or unconsciously follow some principle, thereisasetofover-charming assumptions guiding the conduct of conversations. There arise, it seems, from basic rational consideration, guidelines for the efficient and effective use of language in conversation to further co-operative ends, and this is the so-called Cooperative Principle(Levinson, 1983:101). 2.2.2 Four maxims of the Cooperative PrincipleThe CP includes four maxims, that is, the special manifestations of this principle.TheMaxims are Manner, Relation, Quantity and Quality, and they are described as follows(Grice, 1975:26): Maxim of Quantity 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes forthe exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Maxim of Quality 1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Maxim of Relation Be relevant Maxim of Manner Be perspicuous 1). Avoid obscurity of expression. 2). Avoid ambiguity. 3). Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4). Be orderly. To put it in a simple way, Grice believes that, normally, four features can be observedin daily communications, that is, clarity, relevance, truthfulness and informativeness. Moreover, he also proposes some other maxims, for example, social, politeness and aesthetic maxims, and so on, but he doesnt describe them in details. Among them, Grice argued that the most critical one isthemaximofquality.Griceemphasizesthatspeakerswould attach more importance to the quality than other maxims, because the violation of it constitutes an offense to the moral codes while the violation of others are merely considered as rudeness.The advantage of theory of Grice lies in that it helps explains why the maxims can explain the puzzling phenomena. As long as the speakers have the assumption that the opposite side follows the CP, the CI or implied meaning come as inference.These are the maxims of conversation that participants should be expected to observe. That is to say, the principles are assumed to be obeyed in normal interactions. (Yule, 2000) If viewed from the perspective of the CP, to make a communication successful, the participants must speak informatively, relevantly, truly and cooperatively, and the hearers are supposedto receive the information from the speakers in a similar way. If the maxims of the CP areviolated by the speaker, the hearer is nowhere to catch the exact meaning of the words of speakers. To enable a smooth and successful conversation, the maxims of the CP must be followed by the participants. However, when it comes to the real situation, people often violate the CP and its maxims, so the CI appears. 2.3 Conversational implicature in Film ScriptsThere are some papers or thesis related to the studies of conversational implicature in film scripts.AISHA IRSHAD(2019) studied conversational implicature in the American film The Pursuit Of Happiness. The author puts emphasis on the analysis through the CP. Most of the dialogues in the film conforms to Grice's conversational principles, but some are not. By citing the relevant conversations, discussing the pragmatics, and analyzing the conversational implicature that violates CP in the film, this thesis studies the pragmatic role of the film's dialogue in shaping the plot of the story and the role of the characters. Zhang Meiling(2006) studied conversational implicature of lovers in American love movies of the 1990s with the help of CP and PP. The author puts out that sometimes lovers will frankly express their feelings, but sometimes they will be indirect to avoid hurting he other's feelings. The thesis concentrates on the second situation to present that one always express himself or herself in a polite way at the expense of the Cooperative Principle to avoid conflicted, embarrassment or other negative results.Geng Jinhui(2017) studied conversational implicature in the dialogues of nautical films. This thesis uses 13 classic nautical movies and selects 152 character dialogues as corpus to analyze them, and uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research is mainly used to explore the situation and proportion of these selected dialogues that violate the four maxims of CP, and then summarize the characteristics of nautical film dialogues. Qualitative research is mainly used for analysis, explaining the conversational implicature ,the effect of promoting the story and shaping the characters.Li Rui(2014) studied conversational implicature in the Chinese film A Moment of Romance with the help of CP. The author analyzes the dialogue through the quantity maxim of CP in two groups, more information and less information; emphasis is also put on the analysis through the quality maxim in three groups, intentional deception, rootless distribution and figures of speech; the thesis analyzes the dialogue through the relevance maxim in two groups, partial irrelevance and complete irrelevance; at last, the thesis analyzes the dialogue through the manner maxim in four groups, obscurity, ambiguity, prolixity and disorder. The thesis helps to understand film language and to show how to apply CP and other linguistic theories to film production.2.4 Research gapThe other researchers have studied the analysis of conversational implicature on the basis of CP in foreign and domestic films about different topics and looked at different situations in which the four maxims are observed and violated. Besides, quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used to explore the situation and proportion of film dialogues that violate the four maxims of CPand to analyze the effect of promoting the story and shaping the characters.However, based on the reading and analysis of a large number of documents in the early stage, it is found that the current academic research on the film Catch Me If You Can from the perspective of cooperative principle is less. Through this paper, Grices cooperative principle can be supplemented in terms of crime films , and it has certain advancing significance for the development of conversational implicature. ReferencesAttardo, S.(1993). Violation of Conversational Maxims and Cooperation: the case of jokes.Journal of Pragmatics . Austin, J.L.(1984). How to Do Things with Words. London: Oxford University Press. Buck, R.A.(1997). Towards an extended theory of face action: Analyzing dialogue in E.M.Forsters A Passage to India. Journal of Pragmatics, 83-106. Cooper, Marilyn M.(2002). Implicature, Convention and The Taming of the Shrew. London: Routledge. Goody, E.(1978).Questions and Politeness:Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. New York: Academic Press.Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. London: Harward University Press.Haverkate, Henk.(1994). The Dialogs of Don Quixote de la Mancha: A pragmalinguisticanalysis within the framework of Gricean maxims, speech act theory, and politeness theory. Poetics, 219-241. Haugh, Michael. (2015). Im/Politeness Implicatures. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Jafari, Janin.(2013). The Pragmatic Analysis of Wildes Comedy: The Importance of Being Ernest. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2151-2156. Leech, G.N. (1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. London: Penguin books.Leech, G.N.(1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited. Levinson, Stephen C.(1983). 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