对特朗普和拜登总统就职演讲文体特征的批判性话语分析文献综述

 2021-12-30 20:45:47

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1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundIn recent years, scholars critical discourse analysis of political speeches is a new trend in discourse analysis. Fairclough (1989) already proposes critical discourse analysis. He emphasizes that there is an inherent dialectical relationship between discourse and society. Thus, discourse is not only a part of society, but also restricts each other with other elements of society. According to this context, traditional discourse analysis can no longer meet people's needs, and critical discourse analysis that combines theory and political speech has been created.As one of the most powerful politicians in the world today, the President of the United States will hold a solemn and grand inauguration after being elected. The inaugural speech that the president delivers is the most important and the most noteworthy part. Inaugural speeches usually include the presidents political opinions and positions on domestic and foreign policies, and belongs to political discourses. Kubt and ech (2016) do a related study that they study 57 inaugural speeches ranging from George Washington to Barack Hussein Obama.In 2021, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr won the general election and becomes the 46th President of the United States. As a political leader, he has extensive political experience and is a professional politician. Since Biden takes office, U.S. domestic and foreign policies have undergone tremendous changes. Wang (2017) regards Trump as an outsider, but he unexpectedly wins the US presidential election when he is not favored by the media and public opinion polls before the election. Since then, as a controversial political figure, scholars have done a lot of research on Trump's political discourse. Yang (2018) believes that contrary to traditional political discourse, Trumps language show a variety of features, such as simplicity, exaggeration, and informality. Beside, he is good at using discourse strategies such as dialogue and topic disputes,Although many studies have been conducted on Trumps speeches from different perspectives in recent years, the author uses critical discourse analysis as the theoretical basis, and analyzes inaugural speeches of the President Trump and President Biden from the perspectives of syntax and vocabulary, and from the three dimensions of vocabulary richness, readability, and thematic concentration,which is aimed to explore the similarities and differences between the two inaugural speeches.1.2 Need of the studyCritical discourse analysis is an effective method of current discourse analysis. Its purpose is to analyze a certain special connection between power and ideology implied in discourse. Yu (2019) looks on political speech as an important style of Western political discourse. Because political speeches usually represents the speakers political position and views, and play an important role in international political and economic activities. Therefore, nowadays, more and more scholars associate critical discourse analysis with political discourse. On the one hand, the research objects of critical discourse analysis have expanded from static things such as books and newspapers to dynamic things such as speeches and TV interviews. On the other hand, in recent years, discourse as a social practice has provided a new method and perspective for discourse research. (Xin Gao, 2013)Last but not least, speeches, as one of the channels for current political parties to spread political ideas, reflect values, religious beliefs, and power relations to a large extent. This research combines the inaugural speeches of President Trump and President Biden with critical discourse analysis, and explores the ideological meaning behind them through the analysis of the text of the speeches. These can provide a more accurate assessment and provide more important feedback.1.3 Research purposesThe purposes of this research includes three levels.First of all, this article will use the inaugural speeches of President Trump and President Biden as language materials. Critical discourse analysis is used as the theoretical attachment from the three levels of vocabulary richness, readability, and thematic concentration. In addition to analyzing and comparing the differences in the stylistic features of the two presidents political discourse, this article also helps people to enhance their understanding of the inaugural speeches of the US president and understand the deep meaning behind the speech.Second, as an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research field, the critical discourse analysis of political discourse should not be limited to cognitive linguistics, but can also refer to and combine other theories, which make language analysis more creative.The last one is to explore how the two presidents use language to achieve their political goals, and then explore the relationship between the power, consciousness and language of politicians, and help readers improve their political sensitivity. It has far-reaching significance.1.4 Organization of the researchThis thesis proceeds in the following way:Chapter one is an introductory part covering 4 aspects. Firstly, it introduces research background of critical discourse analysis, and reveals the reasons for choosing President Trump and President Bidens inaugural speeches. Then, the purposes and significance of the thesis are demonstrated. Lastly, the thesis layout is presented.Chapter two firstly presents the retrospective studies on critical discourse analysis of political speeches. Then, previous studies on American presidential inaugural addresses are reviewed, especially Donald Trump.Chapter three depicts the methodological approach adopted in the study. It firstly presents research questions of this study. Base on these, details of data from different perspectives are collected, and research procedures are designed. Thus, justification for this approach is provided. It also gives a brief introduction to research tool: R packages.Key findings from an analysis of the research data are presented in Chapter 4. These include results based on the use of both qualitative research techniques. Results from a content analysis of vocabulary richness, readability, and thematic concentration are also considered.Chapter 5 includes a detailed account and interpretation of the findings of the study, with reference to each of the research questions and in relation to previous relevant research findings.The last chapter summarizes major findings. Then it states the limitations of this study with suggestions for future study.2.Literature review2.1 Critical discourse analysis of political addressesPolitical speech is an efficient way for speakers to express their positions and clarify views on domestic and foreign events. Therefore, political speeches have distinctive political characteristics. As Pelinka (2007) proposes, language must be regarded as a political phenomenon. Kim(2019) believes that the versatility of politics requires a certain amount of discourse analysis. A good political speech can increase the public's sensitivity to the opinions and opinions in the text, and resonate with people. Critical linguistics emphasizes specific social issues (Fairclough, 1995), and pays more attention to the use of discourse communication in a sociopolitical context (Van Dijk, 2001). Li and Zhang (2019) believe that the critical discourse analysis of political speech is not only conducive to the establishment of different discourse analysis angles, but also helps to cultivate critical thinking skills. Scholars combine critical discourse analysis with political discourse analysis, and even combine corpus linguistics with critical discourse analysis. The advantage of the combination of corpus and critical discourse analysis is that on the one hand, corpus subject terms, collocation and retrieval analysis help us to see the discourse information of the text clearly, on the other hand, critical discourse analysis reveals the influence of ideology on language and society. This thesis uses the inaugural addresses of President Trump and President Biden as a corpus to verify the results under the original linguistic framework.2.2 Previous studies on President Trumps inaugural addressOn January 20, 2017, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, announces his inauguration and delivers an inaugural speech in Washington, and Trump becomes a hot topic all over the world. In recent years, scholars have used linguistic theories to analyze Trump's political speeches and have obtained many results. Since the inaugural speech has a different tone, theme, and format, it can reflect the president's current views on the political situation and create a new social atmosphere. At the same time, citizens paying attention to the inaugural speech delivered by the president can help the people understand the tone of the country (Mio, et al.), help the people understand the political system, and speculate on the president's foreign policy. At the center of research on Trumps political discourse, Kim (2019) believes that the focus of political discourse analysis is that politicians rely on rhetoric to defend. In his speech, Trump used metaphors to unite the American people and resolve domestic conflicts. (Wu, Gong Song, 2020) From the comparative analysis of the inaugural speeches of Trump and Obama from the perspective of the structure, in the face of the same current situation in the United States, Trump's reform structure can more effectively cater to the public grievances for change than Obama's reform structure. (Ji Wang, 2019) Wang and Liu (2018) believe that Trump's speeches showed a relatively authentic dialogue style, tending to focus on limited topics. Hu and Chen (2018) deem that Trump did not propose clear-cut policy options during the campaign, while his speech after his inauguration has a clear attitude and a prominent personal speech style. The political logic in Trump's inauguration speech has enhanced persuasiveness and emotional influence. (Liu, 2019) It can be pointed out that Trump is largely an impromptu speech, and his eloquence should not be underestimated. In summary, scholars have relatively much literature on Trump's inauguration speech, and there is no comparison with President Biden's inaugural speech. Therefore, this article first compares and analyzes the inaugural speeches of President Trump and President Biden, trying to explore the discourse behind the policies and principles of governance of the two presidents.ReferencesFairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman.Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. London: Longman. Kim, D. (2019). Critical discourse analysis of political speech: The case of Donald Trumps America first . English language teaching, 31 (2) , 21-42.Kubt, M., ech, R. (2016). Quantitative analysis of US presidential inaugural addresses. Glottometrics, 34, 14-27.Li, T. Q., Zhang, Y. (2019). Language and power: A critical discourse analysis of the political speech. International journal of languages, literature and linguistics, 5 (4), 259-262. Lin, H. M. (2019). A stylistic analysis of Donald Trumps inaugural address. Studies in literature and language, 19 (3), 75-80.Mio, J. S., Rigio, R. E., Levin, S., Reese, R. (2005) Presidential leadership and charisma: the effects of metaphor, The leadership quarterly, 16 (2), 287-94.Pelinka, A. (2007). Language as a political category: The viewpoint of political science. Journal of language politics, 6 (1), 1229-143.Van, Dijk, T. A. (2001). Multidisciplinary CDA: A plea for diversity[A]. In R.Wodak M. Meyer(ed), Methods of Critical Dis-course Analysis (pp.95-120). London:Sage Publications.Wang, Y. Q., Liu, H. T. (2018). Is Trump always rambling like a fourth-grade student? An analysis of stylistic features of Donald Trumps political discourse during the 2016 election. Discourse 以特朗普就职前后演讲为例，《外国语文》， 34（4）：81-86。

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