A Pragmatic Analysis of the Conversations in the Movie Coco文献综述

 2021-12-31 19:53:13

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文献综述

1. Introduction1.1 Research backgroundAs an individual branch of learning in linguistics, pragmatics has received marvelous attention from linguists both abroad and in China. It helps language users to avoid ambiguity in the process of communication, since the meaning relies on many external factors such as the manner, place, timing, etc., not only the internal meaning of the language itself (Ariel, 2010). The cooperative principle is one of the important principles in pragmatics, which is proposed by an Oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice. It includes four maxims: quantity maxim, quality maxim, relevance maxim and manner maxim. Since it has potential applicability in other fields, many essential theories of pragmatics have been successfully applied to literary criticism. which then has given rise to a new interdisciplinary subjectLiterary Pragmatics. According to Tu (2005), the source of Literary pragmatics is linguistic pragmatics. There are also linguistic studies on films, initially from the last century, considering films as a genre of language and utilizing linguistic methods to study speeches among characters. Compared with texts adopted from fictions or poems, filmic texts can offer a more lifelike context as a significant access to western culture, and thus is a better way of assimilating knowledge of this world (Ai, 2005). Whats more, it is a useful method to explore the relationship between contexts and discourses and aspects of characters relationship with one another through the kind of interactive talk that they do (Thornborrow Shan, 2000).The film, as one of the most popular forms of entertainment in todays world，has been an inseparable part of our lives. As more and more western films have been introduced into china, Chinese audiences are pleased to accept them. Good films always have the charm to touch people around the world. Coco is such a film which is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film Coco breaks away from the traditional understanding of the opposition between life and death. In this film, the pragmatic features and principles embodied in the characters conversations help to highlight the theme of life, family and death and promote the development of the plot. In other words, understanding the pragmatic features and functions of the film script becomes the key to understand the meaning behind the film. Generally speaking, there are some ideas of the representativeness and innovation in the process of researching based on the typicality of pragmatics used in Coco. 1.2 Need for the studySince most scholars have analyzed Coco from the perspective of film theme, cultural value, narrative techniques and shooting techniques, much less effort has been taken to analyze the filmic texts in detail in a Pragma-stylistic approach, specifically applying pragmatic theories such as the cooperative principle, the politeness principle and the speech act theory. Such analyses are useful for the audience to know how the plot gradually develops in terms of pragmatic inference. This thesis is meant to put these pragmatic theories into practical use as to improve the audiences appreciation of the film. It is hoped that this study, to some degree, has some theoretical and practical values.1.3 Research purposesThe film Coco has gained a huge success since its release, and meanwhile comments and reviews on it have been numerous in number and various in approaches. However, there are few or unsystematic studies in the literature on the analysis of the conversational implicatures of the film from the perspective of pragmatic theories to appreciate the characters conversations of the film. This paper will investigate the linguistic features of discourses selected from the filmic text Coco under the framework of Grices theory of Conversational Implicature in pragmatics.By citing the relevant conversations in the film, we discuss the embodiment of pragmatic principles in the film，and analyze the specific violation of the principle of cooperation and the role of conversational meaning in shaping the storyline and building the characterization of the part. Thus, the significance of conversational meaning for the creation of dialogue in film is analyzed to provide a basis for future film creation. In conclusion, analyzing the conversational meanings of dialogues in film that violate the principle of cooperation is a positive reference value for both theoretical research and cross-cultural communication. 2. Literature review2.1 Research on Cooperative Principle abroad The cooperative principle is the general rule of the derivation mechanism of the conversational implicature (Grice, 1975). It was first proposed by American philosopherGrice at Harvard University in 1967. The title of his speech is Logic and Conversation. In that speech, he holds that when people make communications, they will follow some rules subconsciously, and this rule is the cooperative principle (CP). The CP has been used to amount of fields as in the researches since it was put forward by Grice in 1967. However, Chinese scholars apply the theory to less areas than foreign scholars. First of all, in the field of education, foreign scholars apply the Cooperative Principle to resolve the class conventions. Mercer, Friel and Edward have devoted themselves a great deal to class conventions (Makar, 2014). They bound up in Grices maxims to clear up the theory by which all of the parts in the dialogue can get the shared messages which are some kind of activator for them to sustain their communication. Kleifgen (1990) had a breakthrough in the young kids education that when they get the nucleus and apprehended the restrictions of game, the CP played a rather significant role. When the kids did infringements of the maxim of quality, she got the nucleus regulation of the game, which can generate a sense of humor. Her theory of pre-determined point acted an extremely significant part in teaching method, which can help instructors make the time estimate about how much the kids have comprehended and when the teachers should pass on new knowledge. Furthermore, a great number of grammatical scholars have made profits from Grices method as well and proposal critical suggestion. Later in Grices (2002) research of the maxims of CP in a mass of data he gathered, he summed up that the men are more likely to convey themselves by making violations of the rules of cooperative principle more regularly than the women. 2.2 Studies on Cooperative Principle in ChinaThe Cooperative Principle (CP) is one of the major theories of pragmatics. Scholars in China have been extensively interested in it. They show different viewpoints on Cooperative Principle, such as professor Hu (1980), Xu (1993), Shen (2004), Suo (2014), etc.Hu (1980) is the first person who introduced CP to China in his article Pragmatics in 1980. Three years later, Cheng (1983) gave a detailed account of CP in his essay Grices conversational implicature and related discussion, which is generally acknowledged as the most comprehensive and devoted work. Subsequently, Shen (2004) interpreted Topic Two of Pragmatics: Conversational Implicature (CI), which has had a great impact on academic circles. Since then, a plenty of outstanding contributions to CP have emerged like mushrooms. Some famous Chinese Pragmaticians, such as Xu (1993) made outstanding achievements, who proposed that the conventional method of CI didnt have the mechanism. Consequently, under the foundation of the particular formal research of the maxim of quantity, he built up a fresh new pragmatic logical thinking mechanism which figured out the programmatic relationships of CI reasoning to make a good supplement to the quantity maxim and gain the expositive ability of CP. Suo (2014) does not only take advantage of the accomplishment of linguistic studies abroad but also suggests to combine the linguistic methods with Chinese cultural features, explaining and depicting the appearance of language communications of Han nationality.The studies mentioned above can be considered to be the core of the Chinese contribution to cooperative principle. Chinese scholars show their different viewpoints on Cooperative Principle and made significant supplement and perfection to the CP according to different aspects with the majority of freshness, which provide us with a plenty of opinions and principles to analyze Conversational Implicature.2.3 Studies on Coco Coco is the nineteenth animated feature film of Pixar Animation Studio, produced jointly with Walt Disney Film Studio and Pixar Animation Studio. The film has been very popular since its release in November 2017. Coco won the 29th Producers Guild of America Award of Animation Best Picture on January 21, 2018, which provides a new creative reference for Chinese audience.Cheng and Wu (2018) study the theme of the film. They point out that the dream theme is the core and mainstream of Hollywood animation. Coco is the representative that belongs to the common dream theme of American animation, and incorporates family theme into it. Xu (2018) analyzes Coco from the cultural value and political points of view. He points out that the animated film Coco takes Mexicos traditional festival of Dead as its creative background, which corresponds to the mainstream of American values. Liu (2018) thinks that animated film Coco can achieve success in commercial operation and word-of-mouth, mainly because it satisfies Chinese audiences feelings in terms of theme, role and vision. Since Coco was released only in 2017, existing studies have interpreted Coco from the aspects of film theme, cultural value, narrative techniques and shooting techniques. However, few studies have studied Coco from the perspective of pragmatics. Therefore, the study of Coco has some innovative and theoretical value.ReferencesAriel, M. (2010). Defining pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ervin, E. (1990). The rhetoric of courtship: conversation and cooperation in newspaper personal ads. Advertising, (6), 15-34.Fasold, R., Smith, K. L. (1990). The sociolinguistics of language. Modern language journal, 75(3), 389.Grice, H. P. (1975). Studies in syntax and semantics. New York: Academic Press.Grice, H. P. (2002). Studies in the way of words. Boston: Harvard University Press.Kleifgen, J. A. (1990). Pre-kindergarten childrens second discourse Learning. Discourse processes, 14(13), 225-242.Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London and New York: Longman.Levison, S. C. 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